Factors That Affect Streptomyces Growth Biology Essay

Variables That Affect Streptomyces Growth Biology Essay The development of a microorganism is incredibly needy upon the encompassing ecological conditions. Each creature has a scope of ideal conditions at which individuals from its species will develop in a perfect world. Inoculum, temperature, pH and broke up oxygen focus (among different variables) inside the media is frequently painstakingly controlled in modern applications as deviations from the ideal conditions regularly effectsly affect the development rate and action of the creature (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). When coordinating trials including microbial development, the readiness and nature of the inocula are as significant as some other parameter control. In Streptomyces if mycelia are utilized in the inoculum, numerous uncontrolled factors will develop. These factors incorporate age, feeling of anxiety and development phase of the cells, all of which compulsory ought to be controlled (Kieser et al., 2000). This issue deteriorates when endeavoring to start preliminaries over a time of a while as even little varieties in the populace size of the inoculum can bring about huge changes in the level and pace of development. Streptomyces vegetative inocula are regularly arranged through the expansion of a few states now and then from numerous starter plates to limited quantities of media. This is a short time later brooded until adequate biomass is delivered, as decided through optical thickness estimations of the media. This technique for vegetative inoculum utilized by Jakeman et al. (2004) is compelling in acquiring biomass; by the by it doesn't give the predictable inoculum required to near preliminaries. The quantity of cells inside the inoculum is difficult to straightforwardly quantify and the conflicting way of at first including cells can bring about cells at various phases of development or anxiety. Another technique for setting up an inoculum is to collect spores from the chose culture and store under conditions not palatable for germination. The cells inside a spore suspension stay in a steady state while as yet giving a moment inoculum (Kutzner and Nitsch, 1970). This procedure additionally permits long haul stockpiling of a reasonable inoculum that should create dependable outcomes. By suspending the spores in a delicate agar spore suspension, Kutzner and Nitsch (1970) have demonstrated that a suspension of Streptomyces spores will stay feasible as an inoculum longer than a year. Temperature The bacterial development conduct is incredibly affected by numerous variables, for example, ecological conditions and the physiological condition of the microorganisms. The temperature of the earth straightforwardly influences the movement and development of cells; each specie has a perfect temperature for development that is affected by its physiology (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). This ideal temperature for development may not be equivalent to the temperature at which metabolites are delivered most effectively. Streptomyces venezuelae ISP 5230 are mesophilic microorganisms, which implies that their ideal development temperature is somewhere in the range of 15 and 40 Â °C. For each expansion of 10 Â °C closer to the ideal development temperature, the development pace of microorganisms roughly duplicates (Truelstrup-Hansen et al, 2002). On the off chance that the media temperature is above ideal, the pace of development is diminished. The temperatures utilized for Streptomyces venezuel ae development have been refered to as 30 Â °C Â ± 2 Â °C (Wang and Vining, 2003; Jakeman et al., 2006). At 42 Â °C Streptomyces venezuelae express warmth stun qualities that propel sporulation and anti-toxin creation (Yang et al., 2008). pH Correspondingly to temperature, the pH (hydronium particle centralization) of the media influences the development pace of microbes by affecting the action of cell chemicals (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). To accomplish the most extreme development rate level, current writing suggests developing Streptomyces venezuelae in a media with the support of pH between 6.0 7.8 (Jakeman et al., 2006). The ideal pH levels are frequently unique while boosting development rate and most elevated item yield (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). Be that as it may, microbes are frequently ready to develop inside a gigantic scope of pH. Studies on the Streptomyces species by Kontro et al. (2005) have discovered the ideal pH scopes of development and sporulation for this species to be somewhere in the range of 5.5 and 11.5. The examination executed by Kontro et al. (2005) has likewise discovered that the media emphatically influences the corrosive resilience of Streptomyces species. At the point when developed at pH 4 o ut of a media that contains yeast separate most species remembered for the examinations couldn't develop, while at the pH of 7 most of species showed greatest development rate on most kinds of media. So as to cushion the pH of the development medium to approach nonpartisan qualities, a support called MOPS (3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic corrosive) is ordinarily utilized for this types of Streptomyces. While contemplating the impacts of carbon sources on anti-toxin creation by Streptomyces venezuelae, MOPS was added to jadomycin B creation media by Jakeman et al. (2006) in any case, no cushion was added to the Maltose yeast extricate malt remove (MYM) agar that was utilized for the development during the investigation. Glazebrook et al. (1990) considered the impact of various carbon sources on Streptomyces venezuelae sporulation in insignificant LS media. In this media, enough measures of MOPS were added to keep up the pH of the media at close to impartial qualities for each carbon source aside from glucose. During development in glucose-based LS media, a high creation of oxo-acids was watched bringing about development restraint. Broken down Oxygen The broke down oxygen accessible to bacterial cells inside the media can be a constraining component if the pace of utilization surpasses the pace of gracefully (Schuler, 2000). There is a basic oxygen focus elite to every bacterium species, above which the development rate is autonomous of the media broken up oxygen fixation. This worth is generally 5 10 % of the most extreme immersion level; anyway the greatest immersion is affected through the presence of broke down salts, organics, and the medias temperature (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). The creation of auxiliary metabolites can likewise be impacted through broke up oxygen fixation. During anti-microbial creation Streptomyces clavuligerus, expanded oxygen immersion over the basic broke down oxygen fixation which brought about extra item and biomass yield (Yegneswaran et al., 1991) up to the greatest immersion cutoff of oxygen in the media. Substrate The substrate utilized in the media is a significant factor that can influence development pace of the microorganisms just as its attributes. For example, Kontro et al. (2005) found that Streptomyces species changed its conduct as acidophiles, neutrophiles or alkalophiles, contingent upon the development media. Most species would develop ideally at pH that is close to impartial or somewhat antacid conditions on a media that included yeast remove (Kontro et al., 2005). Streptomyces venezuelae is developed utilizing numerous carbon sources including glycerol, glucose, lactose, mannose, maltotriose, maltose starch and that's just the beginning. The impact of these carbon sources on development and auxiliary metabolite creation is needy upon numerous components, for example, pH (Kontro et al., 2005). For instance, concentrates on the sporulation of Streptomyces venezuelae in fluid media by Glazebrook et al., (1990) found that while maltose upheld the development and sporulation of Strept omyces venezuelae, glucose altogether hindered sporulation. In particular, when developed in negligible LS media utilizing glucose as the primary carbon source, the pH of the media dropped quickly with the creation of oxo-acids by the microscopic organisms. The expanded causticity likely added to development restraint; anyway the glucose was accounted for to likewise inhibitorily affect sporulation that was un-identified with the expanded acridity of the media. As the jadomycin group of anti-toxins is connected to the sporulation pathway (Wang and Vining, 2003), it is noticeable that the media hugy affects the development and anti-infection creation by Streptomyces venezuelae. Work by Jakeman et al. (2006) found that the carbon source provided in to the media likewise has an impact on the anti-toxin creation by Streptomyces venezuelae. The impact of a few sugars on jadomycin B creation was contemplated and significant contrasts in anti-toxin creation between sugars were discovered, where glucose was seen as ideal. Warmth Balance The bacterial conduct is significantly impacted by the natural temperature; anyway the digestion and movement of microscopic organisms likewise influences media temperature. Normally around 50 60 % of vitality delivered during the digestion of supplements inside a framework is changed into heat vitality (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). The digestion of sugar is an extraordinary wellspring of warm vitality that must be contemplated in bioreactor plan (Ben-Hassan et al., 1992). Streptomyces venezuelae vigorously process sugars for vitality and the creation of metabolites. In industry, the measure of substrate utilized by the microorganism for development and item combination decides the monetary reasonability of the procedure. The warmth vitality created can be resolved through the use of a warmth balance model (Ghaly et al., 1992). When the warmth of blending is resolved, the vitality produced by Streptomyces venezuelae can be resolved. The work by Ghaly et al. (1992) on the warmth created t hrough blending and digestion during lactose maturation demonstrated that the temperature of media expanded from 22 to 32 Â °C with bacterial development (Figure 3.9). This expansion in temperature was because of the warmth created by the yeast (7.4 Jâ ·s-1) just as the warmth of blending (1.01 Jâ ·s-1). The measure of warmth produced by the life forms in a bioreactor can be evaluated by displaying the warmth motion over the limit of the encased framework. This numerical model or warmth balance adjusts the warm vitality produced inside a framework with the vitality put away and lost from the framework (Ben-Hassan et al., 1992). To build up a warmth balance utilizing this

Baxton Technology Essays

Baxton Technology Essays Baxton Technology Essay Baxton Technology Essay Understudy name: Joseph Maloney Student number: 10391669 Word tally: 940 I thusly ensure that this venture is completely of my own work and has not been taken from crafted by others spare to the degree that such work has been refered to and recognized inside the content of the undertaking. Marked: _____________ Alkermes’ human asset (HR) system is tied in with procuring workers who show individual activity and who get fulfillment of realizing that they are assisting with having any kind of effect in the lives of a huge number of individuals consistently. Alkermes extreme objectives are to create meds that address neglected patient needs, to help its customer’s live more joyful, more advantageous lives. The Athlone office of Elan must pick a procedure that bolsters the corporate goals of Alkermes. They should adjust and organize the different exercises of the technique to achieve their destinations. HR procedures need to at the same time center around building abilities, inspiration and conduct for an effective business methodology. As I would like to think the nonexclusive HR procedure generally proper to line up with Alkermes corporate methodology, is the asset based view (RBV) model. The RBV model moves in the direction of recognizing the firm’s potential secret weapons and creating and controlling them to construct a worth making procedure. When Alkermes chose to converge with Elan one of their fundamental purposes behind doing so was that they could utilize Elan’s most important asset, the Elan sedate advancements (EDT) unit. The EDT creates restrictive medication advances that can be applied to various items, improving the viability of the medications. With Alkermes now having gotten a mechanical asset with an irregularity that will assist them with increasing an upper hand over their opponents, they should now concentrate on their HR. They hope to gain capable representatives who show activity and like improving people’s wellbeing. Brushing and building up these assets will assist them with building a solid RBV model. When Alkermes representatives are solicited what is the primary target from the association the answer ought to consistently be, â€Å"Excellence in all that we do†. They seek after this greatness since they realize they are progressing in the direction of improving the prosperity of others. Alkermes would like to impart this equivalent theory in the Athlone office of the association. They intend to get skilled representatives who show activity, inspiration and realize their responsibilities are at last towards improving the wellbeing of their clients. They intend to set up a RD program where worker commitment is energized and compensated. In particular they need to oversee execution with the goal that all procedures are done in the best way. On the off chance that these destinations are met the accomplishment of the association ought to be effortlessly acquired and beneficial. RBV shows that individuals are deliberately imperative to a firm’s achievement and that they are a potential wellspring of economical upper hand. Alkermes have gotten an uncommon and important hierarchical capital as the EDT unit; they currently should coordinate this with an exceptionally talented human capital that will get the best out of this mechanical asset. RBV concentrates more on the HR pool, I. e. the workers than on the genuine HR practice, so representatives ought to have both an elevated level of aptitudes and an ability to accomplish. Making a decent HR pool can be difficult to mirror by contenders, so it can make an upper hand. Significant salary is constantly a significant draw in pulling in the best representatives, as is advantages, I. . organization vehicle and medical advantages, as is reward and new position open doors for good work. However, Alkermes states that their responsibilities are eventually towards the prosperity of the patients that utilization their items. This will pull in representatives who feel they have a spirit commitment to help individuals out of luck. This is a case of pulling in poten tial workers utilizing a non-fiscal arrangement. When attempting to make an exhibition the executives arrangement for an association you need to take a gander at all the sorts of capital that influence execution, I. . human, social and hierarchical capital. RBV hopes to incorporate all the capital assets of an association to make the most fit HR strategy. Alkermes have as of now enormously improved their social and hierarchical capital by converging with Elan and utilizing the EDT unit individually. Presently Alkermes need to take a gander at dealing with the presentation of their human capital. When attempting to gather information on execution you can't totally depend on worker reports by means of reviews about how they feel the HR procedure is working. You need to gather progressively quantative information. Gather information on things, for example, creation every hour rate and occupation turnover rate, this will give you a more top to bottom thought with respect to how workers are preforming. You would now be able to utilize this data to settle on what prize and preparing frameworks to set up to improve execution. Correspondence must be both upward and descending in an association to find how representatives are performing. It will give you a thought on what representatives need and in the event that they are most appropriate to the post they are in. Great execution the executives will bring about higher working execution, which will convert into expanded gainfulness. Prize administration is worried about the execution of systems and arrangements that expect to remunerate individuals reasonably, similarly and reliably as per their incentive to the association. The targets of remuneration the executives are to enlist and hold, inspire workers and to fortify mental agreements. They can be both financial (rewards) and non-money related (regard, I. e. work title). RBV takes a gander at getting and clutching the most ideal workers, and the most ideal approach to hold them is through a solid prize framework. In general I accept that if Alkermes receive the RBV approach and consolidate the entirety of their assets via doing the destinations involved they ought to have the option to accomplish their collaborate system. I feel that the data introduced in this report is a decent rule with respect to how they should complete their destinations. Ideally the merger among Alkermes and Elan will run easily and will be productive. References: alkermes. com/www. shrm. organization. digitalcommons. com.

Funny College Essay Topics

Funny College Essay TopicsIf you're interested in writing an amusing college essay then this article will show you some great ideas for funny college essay topics. In fact, if you're feeling particularly inventive then you might even come up with your own topic!As a young man, you may have heard a lot of interesting things about your late father or grandfather. This is a great opportunity to use your dad or grandfather as a background element for your article. Take note that the age and relationship of your character will be important when it comes to how funny your essay is going to be.People who use humor in their essays are very funny, which makes these funny college essay topic's a perfect fit for a college student's personality. It's also very important to use descriptive words when describing a subject in an essay. I'm sure you know the expression 'sight unseen' refers to not seeing something that someone else has seen. Try to think of some funny descriptive words that describe a subject.Something I always love to do is write a funny college essay topic by offering a life lesson or comedic point that's hard to make sense of, but hopefully doesn't apply to all students. For example, writing about a student's behavior that includes fainting, vomiting, or excessive drinking is a very good example of a funny college essay topic.One more thing to consider is that you should always be sure to use positive words in your essay, as opposed to negative words, especially in silly college topics. The correct way to use negative words would be to use them in a paragraph of criticism or even a sentence of a direct attack. For example, in writing about a student's drinking habits, try to use both the negative word 'drunk' and the more positive 'binge.'Remember, the great thing about writing about college essay topics is that they can provide you with tons of writing practice. In other words, if you continue to write the same words over again for a while, you will eventu ally get really good at writing for essays.Also, I would like to offer one last suggestion regarding how to use humor in your writing. Before you do anything else, make sure that you proofread your essay. Make sure that your paper actually has a good chance of getting accepted into a college's writing program!After all, college essay topics can be used to further your college education, or just as an excuse to write something silly. You know what they say about getting an idea on paper and sticking with it...you can use the same technique with your college essay topic and succeed!

Rhetorical Analysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 1667 Words

â€Å"He who has seen everything, I will make known to the lands† (1). An epic beginning to an epic story. The Epic of Gilgamesh was not composed to be subtle. It was written to immortalize the actions, and myths, of one man’s life. It’s extravagance was designed to grab the attention of listeners, and captivate audiences. The first tablet of the epic serves to establish the story and its characters, as well as bring gabbing listener’s attention. Originally, this piece was composed to be told aloud by a bard. This style, as well as the juxtaposition of extravagant, lengthy descriptions of Gilgamesh, next to brief, plain discussion of Enkidu work to impress upon listeners Gilgamesh’s magnificence. THE USE OF THE BARD The epic opens with an†¦show more content†¦Every time the same action or event is described, the exact same phrases are used. This technique is used in the first tablet when describing Gilgamesh’s dream about Enkidu. He first describes the dream to his mother, and she in turn says it back to him, using the exact same wording and a very similar line structure, changing only the pronouns from first person to second person prior to interpreting it. Gilgamesh then describes another dream to her and she again tells the dream back to him before interpreting it. This was common in oral poetry for multiple reasons. The primary purpose was to make stories such as these easier for the speaker to memorize. If a dream is described, and then a character tells people about the dream in separate incidents, having to remember each of the various ways the dream was described would become very difficult, and considering bards would often have entire epics memorized, having to remember multiple tellings of the same dream would have been pointlessly tedious and too difficult. These sort of stock pieces of a story also gave speakers time to remember what their next portion of the story was. Lastly, these sections served to create suspense and drama in the story. By repeating the exact same lines multiple times, speakers forced listeners to wait for the answer to the dream or the end of the journey as the suspense built. If you are being told the story by someone else,

The Sun Also Rises Report Essay - 1668 Words

Hemingways Hero Of the segments of American society scarred by the anguish of the First World War, the damage was most severe amongst the younger generation of that time. Youthful and impressionable, these people were immersed headlong into the furious medley of death and devastation. By the time the war had ended, many found that they could no longer accept what now seemed to be pretentious and contradictory moral standards of nations that could be capable of such atrocities. Some were able to brush off the pain and confusion enough to get on with their lives. Others simply found themselves incapable of existing under their countrys thin faà §ade of virtuousness and went abroad, searching for some sense of identity or meaning. These†¦show more content†¦Like his friends, Jake is a victim of many of the same circumstances. The difference is that Jake does not let his emotional turmoil corrupt his life to the same extent as the others. Unlike the other expatriates, he has no t completely rejected all of the old values of the pre-WWI era. For example: While Jake seems to be having difficulty in completely accepting his religion, he still tries to grasp on to it, though perhaps a little fearful that his handhold will break if he grasps too tightly: Listen, Jake,; he said, are you really a Catholic?; Technically.; What does that mean?; I dont know.; (128-129) Along with this emotional baggage, Jake also has a physical defect in the form of a wound he suffered in the war, which has rendered him sexually impotent. Despite the way in which his injury thwarts his relationship with Brett, Jake accepts his situation with a great deal of integrity, despite the scathing pain of his unfulfilled love. As is consistent with the realistically human portrayal of Jakes character, his role as a heroic figure is stifled somewhat by the constraints of society. Rather than exhibiting gallant feats of bravery consistent with the romantic definition of a hero, Jakes valiance is displayed in a subtler, less tangible manner. By displaying the virtues of tolerance, honesty, patience and understanding, Jake proves himself to be as much of an heroic figure as can reasonably be expected in the realShow MoreRelatedThe Sun Also Rises Book Report999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Sun Also Rises: Long Form I. The Author The Author of this novel is Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 and died on July 2, 1961. He was an American author and journalist, which relates to the book because in The Sun Also Rises the protagonist, Jake Barnes, is a journalist. He was also an ambulance driver in World War I which ties in with the book as well because Jake was a World War I veteran. 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So what is global warming? Global warming is, in essence, term for the observed century scale rise in the average temperature of the earth’s climate and its related effect.(wiki) The greenhouse effect isRead MoreWeather Conditions And Atmospheric Characteristics Within The Houston Area1520 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironmental issues. With focus on the United States, our country has experienced various types of weather changes across the nation. As some regional areas could prepare for seasonal change weather prediction is now at a challange. With a steady rise in global warming and extensive rain overflow, one must think how human error has contributed in nature s response. Furthermore, with focus on the south regional state of Texas, this research paper will discuss a current analysis in weather conditionsRead MoreSkin Cancer and the Elderly Essays1008 Words   |  5 Pagesraised in Palm Beach County of south Florida. 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According to the latest ICCP report, the current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is very likely human-induced and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented in the past 1,300 yea rs. It is the consensus of the scientific community that the daily activitiesRead MoreMao Zedong Of The Peasant Movement1005 Words   |  5 PagesWritten Summary of Group 4 Presentation The Summary of Document 8.2 Brief Introduction: Document 8.2 is the first four sections of â€Å"Mao Zedong’s Report on an Investigation of Peasant Movement in Hunan†, which was written by Mao Zedong when he visited Hunan province in 1927. 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Problems posed by ‘cybercrimes’ Free Essays

Cyber crime is defined as those crimes involving abuse of electronic media or the information contained in it by influencing the computers functioning or the functioning of its system to the detriment of other individuals/organizations. The emerging information technology trends have seen has seen increased use of computers across the globe. This rapid expansion in terms of information communication technology capability to transmit bulk of information has seen enormous transmission across the internet and computers daily. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems posed by ‘cybercrimes’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now With this increased transmission there has emerged a new twist in criminal activities. In addition it has created window for perpetration of harmful activities by criminal organization. Another fundamental twist arising from internet and computer usage is intellectual appropriation. The emergence of such crimes being committed against computers, and the corresponding information in computers is gradually shifting attention towards the threats posed by cyber crimes. This is coupled by the anonymity of such crimes as well as the less aware population being preyed upon. The camouflaging nature of such crimes thus presents new challenges to the law enforcement agency due to the inevitable need to transform in response to this changing criminal landscape. In addition lack of proper legal structures and legislations have condemned businesses and the respective governments to there own discretion in protecting themselves against cyber crime. Such measures employed include the technical measures aimed at securing their systems. However, this is not enough to secure the existing cyber space from criminals. There is an additional need for application of the law in fighting this emerging menace. This paper will analyze the various types of cybercrimes, the problems they pose to the law enforcement agencies and in conclusion analyze the sufficiency of the cyber crimes laws in Australia in dealing with the problems posed by cyber crimes. Understanding the problems that cyber crime pose to the modern nations requires a deeper understanding of the various faces that such crimes take. Cyber crimes in different forms which include; denial of service (DoS), identity theft, stalking, piracy, pornography, hacking, unauthorized modification, viruses, unauthorized copying, credit card crime, extortion, phishing, spoofing, cyber defamation and salami attack among others. Denial of service involves such acts by criminals aimed at flooding of victim’s network bandwidth of overloading of a victims mailbox with spam thus denying the victim access to his entitled services accessibility/provision. Unlike the early days DoS where simple tools generated and sent attack packets fro one source to another external source, such attacks have transformed to incorporate use of attacks from single source to multiple destinations as well as multiple sources to single destinations. However, the most recent development which involves use of self propagating worms has increasingly created a new twist to reaction to such attacks. Hacking on the other hand has emerged as a regular crime as technology continues to advance. Hacking basically involves illegal computer systems intrusion as no permission is sought from the users/owner of the intruded system. Most of hacking is often attributed to teenagers as well as young adults. Hacking is often considered an art of exploration by computer technology buffs who engage in computer exploration rather than being intent on committing crime. The hackers often use hacking as a venue to displaying their skills and not as a tool of harming others. Virus dissemination on the other hand involves release of malicious software’s that often attach themselves to the existing software application resulting into a range of system detriments including system retardation and information sending among others. Such include; worms and Trojan horse among others. Pornography on the other hand has emerged as a successful product in e-commerce that often applies deceptive techniques in its marketing most common being the mouse trapping technology. However, the ease of accessing such cites even to children is increasingly raising concern. Internet relays chat servers have likewise emerged as suitable avenues for criminal meetings from anywhere in the world. Hackers too are known to use such sites in discussing of their various exploits and sharing of information on the same. In addition Pedophiles have been known to use such sites in luring of children to their activities. Such avenues have thus presented avenues for increased criminal activities and planning. Credit card fraud has also increasingly grown more especially when the card’s numbers are used in unsecured electronic transaction resulting into the credit card numbers being stolen by hackers who end up misusing the cards through owner impersonation. Such fraudsters have also been known to use advanced techniques in duplication of credit cards. An emerging trend has also emerged where the confidential data of companies is illegally copied with the aim of extorting huge sums of money from the company. Phishing has also emerged with the rising of technology where information confidential to account holders in financial institutions is pulled out through deceptive ways. Spoofing on the other hand involves use of one computer in assuming another computer’s identity. Another form of cyber crime involves circumstances where defamatory messages are posted on the internet regarding an individual. Likewise stalking has emerged as a form of crime where the criminals trace individuals using the messages they use within the chat rooms. Salami attacks have on the other hand used to perform crime acts that involve insignificant amounts deduction from customer’s bank accounts and depositing it into their accounts. Such varied nature of cyber crimes presents with it varied challenges to the law enforcement agencies. Latest significant form of cyber crime is the Nigerian 4-19 scheme where letters supposing presence of large amount of money in which the victim is required to help are distributed to prominent business, and professional personalities with the aim of hoodwinking them. Law enforcement agencies have had to reckon with the emergence of this new form of crime that comes with a variety of challenges in addition to its shifting landscape. Often such challenges may be classified as technical, judicial or ethical. Technical problems pose the greatest challenge to law enforcement agencies more so, on the issue of traceability more so considering the anonymous nature with which such crimes are perpetrated. It is always extremely cumbersome to locate the IP address from which such crime occur. Under such cases the criminals at times use other persons IP address to connect to a third party who then is unable to identify the actual source of the crime. Such connections are done using proxies with socks4 and socks5 proxies often used by criminals. Often criminals are known to resource proxies through use of machines belonging to innocent and unaware users. Such present a challenge to law enforcement agencies in their quest to track down cyber criminals. Criminals are also known to use fast-flux networks in making of website resistant to firewall website filters and any attempts at law agencies to track them down. Such criminal activities always direct attempts to access the IP address to some arbitrary Zombie machine. Convicting of cyber criminals upon arrest may also prove cumbersome due to lack of evidence in such instances that the criminal has encrypted his/her computers data. This thus presents the challenge of obtaining evidence even in such circumstances where the criminal has been positively identified. In addition tracking down such crimes in order to gain crucial evidence is difficult considering that the criminal activity’s traces disappear as soon as the connection is broken such a challenge may also be attributed to the over-reliance exhibited by law enforcement agencies on ISP’s rather engaging in a day to day co-ordination with the providers as this would enhance quick tracking responses. Ignorance also plays a major role in inhibiting the attempts by law enforcement agencies to fight cyber crime. Most of such crime often goes unreported as ether the victims are unaware that the activity may be classified as criminal or by mere lack of information. Large institutions like banks are also known for failing to report such incidence with the aim of protecting their public image from getting distorted. Other cases are only brought to light after a considerable period of time has elapsed and any evidence that would have aided prosecution has been lost. The digital technology as well as computing convergence has changed the ways of life. Unprecedented criminal opportunities have emerged with some unforeseeable criminal activities becoming a reality. This comes with the need for prosecutors to possess effective knowledge to deal with these emerging crimes. Appropriate training of the relevant law enforcement agencies to meet the competencies exhibited by such criminals is also a fundamental issue. Most countries, more so the underdeveloped countries lack effectively trained personnel to counter the activities of the criminals. The moral underpinning of cyber crime is also bound to pose a challenge to the law enforcement agencies as their action aimed at reacting to the same may be interpreted as a human right violations. Such may include arbitrary searches in quick response to an ongoing connection which may be interpreted as a search without warrant. On the other seeking a search warrant may provide adequate time for the perpetrator to break connection before identification. Jurisdiction problems likewise remain a major challenge to the law enforcement agencies in fighting of cyber crime. Cyber crime is known to take a transnational perspective across various countries borders. The fundamental issue then arising is the issue of sovereign jurisdiction. In USA V Griffiths, the question of dual criminality was raised and the consequent requirement for existence of the same to allows criminal extradition. While one country may have already recognized a respective cyber offense as constituting a criminal offense, the other may have not. The resultant effect then would allow a criminal to operate from one given country without fear of facing legal action and harming victims of another country. The cases clearly illustrated the extent to which judicial barriers may hinder law enforcement agencies from effectively performing their duty and apprehend such criminals. In R v BODEN the existing legal provisions proved insufficient to sustain prosecution of Mr. Boden resulting to his release. In addition the question as to who holds jurisdiction likewise presents an obstacle to law enforcement agencies in fighting cyber crime. When a criminal commits the crime in one country but it affects an individual in another country, there exist no clear legislations that prescribe the country on whose laws such an individual should face prosecution. The major jurisdictional problems facing law enforcement agencies in fighting cybercrime can be summarized as being the lack of harmonized rules in qualifying offences as cyber crimes within various states legal structures, lack of laws empowering investigative agencies in various states capabilities to trail crime across the borders and lastly inadequacy of laws allowing international cooperation to allow cross border prosecution. In the book â€Å"Underground† by Dreyfus a true story about an underground computer group threat predated the internet for more than ten years is narrated. The group was accused of having hacked into secure systems including; the Citibank, the pentagon NASA, NATO among others. It took several raids by both the federal police and the police agencies to bring down the group. The group was subsequently brought to trial under the telecommunications act of 1991which was cited as outlining the legal proceedings surrounding cyber crimes. The penalty levied on the four who hacked major secured websites has been subject to criticism more so regarding the weight of the sentence in relation of the magnitude of the crime committed. The crimes if physical would have otherwise been considered dangerous and would have attracted sever sentence. This once again puts into spotlight the effectiveness of the Australian laws in dealing with such crimes. The question arising then was whether or not these regulations are sufficient enough to curb the cyber crimes menace. The latest bill on anti money laundering offers stiffer penalties accompanied with possibility of long term imprisonment thus meting out proportional penalties which could have a deterrent effect on such crimes. The 1991 telecommunication act incorporated section 74 and 76 criminal code of Australia in illustrating the issue of carrier and data. The legislation describes carrier and data considered property of the Australian commonwealth. The law includes data originating from commonwealth computers as well as data into the commonwealth computers as constituting carrier and data within the section definition. Unauthorized access to commonwealth computers is classified as criminal under section 76(b)-1 with section 76(b)-2 describing what qualifies as unauthorized access. Section 76(b)-3 expounds further to deal with acts that impeded, destroy or after data. Section 76(D) on the other hand emphasizes the on the mode of entry while section 76(e) specifies the prescribed punishment for individuals who contravene the provisions of the aforementioned sections. Unlike the previous cases where creative adaptation was applied in trying to deal with new crimes, the act currently addresses specific cases of computer crimes. For instance in the 1980’s the reported cases faced difficulties regarding whether or not legislation on theft could be applied to computer hackers. In the rulings the court held that information was not property and thus incapable of being stolen. Based on this, Gordon Hughes at one point suggested that hacking of computers could not be considered to constitute an act of theft. However, the telecommunication act, 1991 prescribes specific clauses that handle such cases. Section 76 of the act not only addresses the issue of unauthorized access and illegal copying, but goes further to include resulting damages of such access as constituting a criminal offense. Another milestone made by the Australian laws in fighting cyber crime is evidenced by the Victorian state parliament’s amendment of the 1958 Crimes Act top cater for cyber stalking crimes. The act caters addressing cyber stalking eliminating the cumbersome need for proof of a offenders conduct is such circumstance where the offered meant harm. The legislation goes along way in solving the burden of proof shouldered on law enforcement agencies in addition to the fact that unlike its predecessors it offers provisions for extraterritorial jurisdictions. It is important to note the burden of proving evidence that an offender was stalking was quite cumbersome given the fact that the evidence would disappear as soon as the communication was broken. However, with this new law an offender is considered to have engaged in a criminal by virtue of having meant harm in his/her activity. The cyber crime act has in addition addresses damages and computer related offenses offering more extensive approaches. It was formulated in line with THE recommendations of the Model Criminal Code officer’s committee. E-commerce has also been on the rise to more so in Australian and USA. The number of internet banking service being offered is constantly on the rise. The Australian government to deal with fraud related issues in this area has a series of legislations that control such operations. Such include; the proceeds of crime act 1987 which has the effect of obligating financial institutions to maintain all transactions records for future references, the payment systems regulation, 1998 within borrows a lot from the Wallis report. The Wallis legislation establishes three key regulators of e-commerce namely; The Reserve Bank of Australia, The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority and the Australian Securities and Investments Commissions. Such emerging legislations in Australia have had the effect of sealing some of the loopholes that would have let such crime activities go unpunished like the DPP v SUTCLIFFE, the magistrate’s court considering the trans-boundary nature of the crime in question, considered it as not being in apposition to effectively handle the matter. The Victorian Supreme Court’s decision however in effect came in to redeem the situation to an extent by establishing jurisdiction of the court. Nonetheless the applicability of the crimes act 1958 still posed a challenge to the court in its examination of the reasons that made stalking a criminal offense. This still remains a challenge as even the 2003 amendment in its section 6(3) still makes specific to such cases with regard to limitations of the courts in the light of the individuals rights. The cases essentially reflected some of the hurdles provided for by the law in the fight against cyber crimes. While the Australian law has made major milestone in dealing with cybercrime within its territory, trans-national cyber crime still remains a challenge. In US v Griffiths, for instance the Australian legislations allowed for extradition of a suspect to face charges in the USA, however, the same cannot be said of other countries whose citizens commit crimes against Australian systems. Most countries still lack legislations that would provide grounds for such extraditions. This step was inline with both the international and the European conventions on cyber crimes which stressed the need for nation’s cooperation and unity in the fight against this vice. The convention just like the Australian laws undertook an extensive elaboration of the various forms of cyber crimes emphasizing the need for the member states and other signatories to develop legislation on the same. Unlike the early 1980’s where the legislation focused on criminalizing unauthorized access to computer systems without considerations of the inadequate investigative authority and penalties, recent reforms in Australia have taken a more realistic approach to safeguard computer systems integrity having acknowledged their centrality and commercial value. The cyber crimes act offers the much needed national model for legal response to cyber related offenses. The act possesses transnational aspects as constituted in the European Council Cyber Crime Convention. This allows expanded jurisdictional scope. The Australian cyber laws adequately prepares it to respond to the emerging cyber crimes more so considering the larger extra-territorial jurisdiction which recognizes both multijurisdictional dimension presented in Australia and overseas jurisdiction. Laws expanding on search warrant and conduction of covert surveillance have additionally had the impact on facilitating gathering of evidence. In general the Australian legislations provide adequate tools in dealing with the cyber crime menace. How to cite Problems posed by ‘cybercrimes’, Papers

Twelfth Night Essays (667 words) - Twelfth Night, Theatre

Twelfth Night Respond to each of the items below. 1. In your own words, provide a brief summary of the play in 200 words or less. Viola and Sebastian are twins but think each other is dead. Viola dresses like a man and begins to work for Orsino and tries to help him court Lady Olivia but Viola falls in love with Orsino, Olivia falls in love with Viola ("Cesario"), and then Sebastian shows up (with his friend Antonio) and Olivia thinks HE is Cesario and asks him to marry her. Antonio thinks Viola (as Cesario) is Sebastian and now everyone is very confused. Meanwhile, a bunch of people are playing a joke on Malvolio by making him believe that Olivia is in love with him causing him to act crazy. At the end, everything comes out. The siblings are reunited, Orsino falls in love with Viola, Sebastian and Olivia do get married, Toby and Maria get married, and finally Malvolio is let out of the room he was kept in while "being treated for his madness". Twelfth Night involves mistaken identities and disguise. Summarize each of these, and explain the reason for each. Viola disguised herself as a man so she could find work in Duke Orsino's house (originally she wanted to work in Olivia's house but couldn't because she was a stranger). Sebastian is mistaken for "Cesario" by Olivia, who has fallen in love with "Cesario", and Sebastian is attracted to Olivia so he doesn't question anything. Antonio mistakes Viola (as "Cesario") for Sebastian which is actually a good thing because it's at this point that Viola realizes that her brother might be alive. How is the concept of love portrayed in this play? Love is a major point in the plot of Twelfth Night. With the exception of Viola (towards Orsino), all romantic love is portrayed in a rather absurd way. Orsino seems to be infatuated with Olivia in the beginning but switches his passions to Viola pretty quickly. Olivia falls in love with Cesario but Cesario doesn't exist, he's just Viola in disguise. Malvolio's love for Olivia doesn't seem to feel true love for her and is more in love with the idea of "upgrading" his social status. Viola's and Sebastian's familial love is taken seriously as is Antonio's love (romantic or otherwise) for Sebastian. What do you predict for the relationships for each of the three couples at the end of the play? Will each live happily ever after, or could there be some challenges ahead? Explain. I predict that Viola and Orsino will live happily. Toby and Maria's relationship, I feel, will fizzle out and they'll just go back to being friends. Olivia and Sebastian will learn to love each other. They really didn't know each other at all before rushing into commitment but I think their personalities are compatible enough that they'd get along. In the days of Shakespeare, girls/women did not tend to act. Considering that the actors were probably all male, what special challenged did Shakespeare have with producing this play in a manner where the audience would not be confused? I forgot this. Shakespeare would have had to find actors who looked similar (to pass as twins) or actual twins, but there would have to be some kind of distinction so they could be told apart on stage. Clothing wouldn't be enough because there's so much mistaken identity and switching around that the audience would get very confused. 6. The play's title refers to a holiday that is known for "things being topsy-turvy", for festivities, and for celebrating the three wise men finding the "true king." With these things in mind, explain how this title appropriate for this play. This is something that I never knew. Well, then the play perfectly describes the topsy-turvy of the holiday. In this play, everything seems to be out of order. Viola and Sebastian think each other is dead, when they aren't. Viola dresses up as a man and Olivia falls in love with her/"him". Sebastian shows up and Olivia thinks he's the same man as before. Malvolio is just extremely confused and crazy. However, I don't see the connection to the three wise men and the king.