Into the Wild by Christopher McCandless - 637 Words

Chapter ten flashes forward to McCandless death, and it was published in the New York Time and Anchorage Daily News. The media wrote of how foolish and ignorant McCandless was for going into the wilderness so unprepared. Once the death is being investigated by the police the police begin to question Sam, McCandless’s half-brother. To identify him he shows them a picture with long hair and a beard. This made me question who was the man in the picture, was it really McCandless? He wasn’t reported as having long hair, ever. As the half-brother informs his parents of McCandless death the parents respond in devastation. I find it weird that the police contacted his half-brother first and not the parents. Oddly enough I find myself agreeing with the media more than I do with the author. I cannot seem to grasp the thought of going into the wilderness, and not being overly prepared. While I understand that it is a brave action, it is also foolish and somewhat stupid on his part . I also find him to be very selfish. In chapter eleven the author starts to interview McCandless parents, and starts to question the family’s dynamics. The father is very similar to McCandless in the aspect that he is very intense and highly intelligent. Chapter twelve is a continued exploration of McCandless’s character. The author wants to know what made McCandless, McCandless. He finds that he took a road trip to the desert the summer before his freshman year of college, and nearly died of dehydration. IShow MoreRelatedInto The Wild By Christopher Mccandless1769 Words   |  8 PagesINTO THE WILD The film Into The Wild tells a story of a young man, named Christopher McCandless, trying to break away from the path society and his parents have paved for him. Throughout the many months he spends on the road he meets many people who have a deep impact on him, even though he probably would not admit to that until the end. As a final test of the change in his mentality and confirmation of his independency from civilization and all the negative aspects it represents, Christopher makesRead MoreChristopher Mccandless s Into The Wild778 Words   |  4 Pagesin the slightest ways, are alienated or distanced from the conforming majority. Christopher McCandless, the main character of Into The Wild by Jon Krakauer, is among the group labeled as â€Å"different†. McCandless may seem irregular, he is far from it. Christopher McCandless, through his passion for learning, search for a life of fulfilment, and his eagerness for success, is an unrecognized normal person. Chris McCandless undeniably different in noticeable ways. His one of his brief co-workers evenRead MoreAnalysis Of Christopher Mccandless s Into The Wild 2362 Words   |  10 PagesAllen Primack Mr. Devinney American Lit 1st Hour Outside Novel Essay Option #2:: 5/4/2016 Christopher McCandless ­ an adventurous, curious, unsettled, isolated, and unheard of young man, who is very deserving of reader’s sympathy Imagine being separated from society and the outside world, left along soul searching in the wilderness, with limited resources and constantly living upon uncharted territories. A similar experience actually occurred in real life , and hence a fantastic novel was born byRead MoreInto the Wild: Christopher McCandless Escape From the Confines of Society1134 Words   |  5 Pagestale of a young man who leaves all that he has and goes to live amidst the natural world, Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer showcases the two years Christopher McCandless had spent journeying throughout the United States before his unfortunate death. After graduating from Emory University in 1990, McCandless disconnected with all of his past relations and abandoned the majority of his possessions. McCandless’ decisions either seem extremely unwise or extremely courageous. He had a comfortable life withRead MoreAnalysis Of Into The Wild By John Krakauer1015 Words   |  5 Pagesbreath of the wild for the brave few is enough to free the spirit from the bonds of society. One such freed spirit, author John Krakauer, wrote in his work Into the Wild about the accounts of men quite like himself. Jo hn Krakauer, in contrast to the adventurous men he writes about, is a survivor of his own ventures. Throughout his writing, he parallels the nature of a select few zealous adventurers with his own nature as well as the nature of his primary focus, Christopher McCandless. Krakauer drawsRead MoreInto The Wild Argument Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesInto the Wild argument essay Into the Wild written by Jon Krakauer illustrates the life and death of Christopher McCandless, and his search for the true meaning in life. McCandless’ family was well-off and he graduated from Emory University with honors. Everything in McCandless’ life came easy, and because of this he wished to find what it meant to work for something. Through his perilous journey across the United States, McCandless found a way to inspire others everywhere he went. His independentRead MoreFinding Magic Within The Wild1394 Words   |  6 PagesFinding Magic Within the Wild To McCandless and many others that share the same love for nature, it plays a very important role in several choices made by him throughout the film. In retrospect, the same can be applied to SpongeBob SquarePants on an easier to understand level. Now, SpongeBob doesn’t leave his wealth and his family to live on his own, but he does have magic in the wild, just like the magic bus Chris McCandless used as shelter throughout the weeks. This was called the magic conchRead MoreChristopher McCandless: Rebellious, Suicidal Narcissist1570 Words   |  6 Pagesand inspiration. A few of the works featured in the transcendental unit include Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Song of Myself by Walt Whitman, and Walden by Ralph Waldo Emerson. The primary focus of this essay is to provide an opinion on a strikingly debatable topic; Whether or not Christopher McCandless, hero of Krakauer’s Into the Wild, was a true transcendentalist. Despite the bold actions of Chris McCandless on his daring Alaskan odyssey, he turned out to be far from a true transcendentalist, failingRead MoreThe Character Traits of Chris McCandless1172 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher McCandless is seen by many individuals as an inspiration, an inspiration to not be afraid. â€Å"Chris was fearless even when he was little.†(Walt McCandless) Chris’s father made a comment about how he believed Chris was fearless, Chris was a fearless individual even was he was just a young boy, he showed how he was fearless and brave, his strong character was acknowledged as a young age by his father and his family. How many people have packed up a few of their belongings and just took aRead MoreAnalysis Of Chris Mccandless s Odyssey Into The Wild1103 Words   |  5 PagesInto the Wild follows Christopher McCandless through his last year of his life traversing the North American frontier. As a biography based on McCandless’ journals and interviews, much of the details of Chris’ jour neys are speculated. Yet, Krakauer succeeds in developing the enigma of Christopher McCandless, or as he would be immortalized in the bus on the Stampede Trail, Alexander Supertramp, in a way that tugs at the buried wanderer inside of everyone. Throughout the novel, Chris McCandless faces

Exploring The Four Ancient Civilizations- Mesopotamia,...

Before the beginning of history, people from across the land gradually developed numerous cultures, each unique in some ways while the same time having features in common. Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Israel are all important to the history of the world because of religious, social, political and economic development. In the first civilization, both Mesopotamia and Egypt relied on a hunter-gatherer economic system, during that time, every country in the world strived on it. Mesopotamia had rich soil for agriculture, but experiences floods. For the Mesopotamians, these floods would destroy major cities, but for the Egyptians it would keep the soil rich all year long without the damage that the Mesopotamians had experienced.†¦show more content†¦Egyptian women could enter into contracts under their own name; they could initiate civil court cases and could, likewise, be sued; they could serve as witnesses in court cases; they could serve on juries; and they could witness lega l documents. Religion was practiced throughout Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Both the Mesopotamians and Egyptians shared polytheistic beliefs. Each god was responsible for an action, but they did not consider the gods to be equal in Mesopotamian society, in order to please the gods, a sacrifice must be made to please them in order to avoid the god’s wrath. The separation of church and state did not exist in both ancient civilizations, pharaohs of Egyptian society was known to be a god on Earth, the incarnation of Horus, the falcon god. The Mesopotamian rulers were known as a representative to the gods. Although they worship to several different gods, they do have differences between the two. The idea of an afterlife, In Mesopotamia didn’t exist but for the Egyptians the idea of an afterlife was of significant importance to them, rituals were held to ensure that the body and soul would be ready for an eternal life after death. The writing systems of both the Mesop otamians and the Egyptians have many similarities. Pictographic writing, which was developed by the

Movement in Architecture Free Essays

Motion in Architecture How can the Architectural Promenade Create Experiences Which Heighten Our Connection to Construct Environment? â€Å"I see obviously how external images influence the image that I call my organic structure: they transmit motion to it.And I besides see how this organic structure influences external images: it gives back motion to them.† – Henri Bergson Contentss Contentss Glossary Introduction Motion of Body in Space Decision Making In Movement Formulation of Movement Criteria Illustrations Mentions Glossary Motion The act or procedure of traveling people or things from one topographic point or place to another. We will write a custom essay sample on Movement in Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Architectural Promenade The experience of walking through a edifice. The complex web of thoughts which underpins Le Corbusier’s work, most specifically his belief in architecture as a signifier of induction. [ 1 ] Emanation An organized group or line of people or vehicles that move together easy as portion of a ceremonial. Parkour The activity or athletics of traveling quickly through an country, typically in an urban environment, negociating obstructions by running, jumping, and mounting. Introduction This paper seeks to research how, through design designers can heighten the users experience in the built environment through motion and the architectural promenade. Our organic structures are an inordinately good designed mechanism and an astoundingly complex piece of technology. It has been advanced and enhanced through development – and we are intended to travel. The environment we choose to bring forth around this chef-d’oeuvre merits the topmost imaginable degree of consideration. The manner we inhabit the reinforced environment replicates our capableness and the longing for our organic structures to travel and brood. Architecture has ever been designed with motion in head, whether it is knowing or unwilled. This thesis aims to analyze and uncover the legion ways our organic structures move within the built environment and look into how architecture and design can suit or order human motion. The focal point of my survey will be on the design of museums as this provides a great penetration into the ways worlds move and make determinations within the reinforced environment. From the public place to the bosom of the exhibition infinites, museums provide a phase for human motion within architecture. Motion of Body in Space img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1338946.005.jpg"Harmonizing to Robert Yudell the interaction between the sphere of our organic structures and the sphere of our home topographic points is invariably in gesture. Whether we are cognizant or inexperienced person of this procedure, our organic structures and our motions are in eternal duologue with our edifices. The critical interaction of organic structure signifier and motion with architecture deserves our careful attending as designers. [ 2 ] img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1338946.007.jpg"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1338946.006.jpg"Motion and emanation has been cardinal to the preparation of the built environment dating as far back as antediluvian Egypt, Greece and Roman architecture. In peculiar when it comes to sacred or ritual infinites. Many of the techniques designers use in modern twenty-four hours design to advance motion day of the month back to the methods used in the yesteryear. For illustration in the Temple of Khons in ancient Egypt the usage of visible radiation, threshold and fluctuation in degrees non merely defined the infinite but besides the emanation through the infinite. Architects such as Philip Johnson and Le Corbusier have studied this emanation or promenade to make more piquant architecture in modern times. Through promotion in engineerings adult male is â€Å"moving† faster and farther than of all time before, but this motion is chiefly a inactive experience unlike the piquant architecture of Le Corbusier in early modernist times. Our organic structures are being moved or propelled in infinite instead than physically traveling ourselves. In kernel we are really sing less active motion in the horizontal and perpendicular planes than of all time before. Yudell describes this as frozen and drifting organic structures. This construct differentiates between the self- motion of a organic structure or the displaced organic structure that is moved by other agencies such as a vehicle or lift. We rely on the displaced motion of our organic structures to go greater distance but one may oppugn if we are going excessively reliant on these methods and as such going brainsick or alienated from our environments as we simply pass through infinite by mechanical agencies. The Futurist Movement is an utmost illustration of this disaffection from the universe and our experience of architecture around us. One of their visions promised entire freedom of life on an space gridded platform into which we may stop up for energy, information or alimentary demands. This scenario nevertheless embodies a clear denial of the demand for the interaction of organic structure and architecture. It provides no landmarks, no stimulation, no phases, and no Centres. [ 3 ] Changes in engineering has meant that some of these futurist thoughts have been implemented at a smaller degree. Our motion within the built environment has become progressively inactive due to ordinances for handiness and in some instances for pure convenience. It is our occupation as designers to turn to this deficiency of battle and inactive motion within the built environment by making a promenade that encourages motion and geographic expedition in our milieus. Decision Making In Movement Le Corbusier’s premier motivation when designing was to aid people in the procedure of â€Å"savoir habiter† , cognizing how to populate [ 4 ] and it was his sentiment that the architectural promenade would be designed to â€Å"resensitise† people to their milieus. [ 5 ] In planing in this manner buildings become a series of experiences, get downing with the attack from the street, tract or square and pulling a individual indoors and in along a series of experiences in infinite. In a manner the designer becomes a type of choreographer, making infinites which anticipate a person’s motion. It creates a duologue non merely between people and the reinforced environment but besides amongst other people. Le Corbusier strived to make infinites where people would be prompted to utilize their memory, analysis, concluding and finally formation of an grasp of his architecture, obliging them to convey their ain experience to the edifice, making something wholly new. He endeavoured to make a model in which people could populate their ain lives and do their ain determinations whilst ordering really strongly precisely what that model should be. This paradox is what makes Le Corbusier’s work so interesting. It is one of the most confusing issues of architectural pattern ; how can an architect design infinites that encourage motion without curtailing the individuals free motion within the infinite. Le Corbusier tried ( non ever successfully ) to turn to how other people may see his edifices and to underscore the message that edifices were considered as unfinished without people and their experience within. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1338946.008.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1338946.010.jpg"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1338946.009.jpg"In a less formal scene in Mikkel Rugaard’s â€Å"Street Movement† in Denmark ( which originated as a Parkour preparation company ) has attempted to turn to the thought of planing for freedom of motion and look in the reinforced environment. Rugaard attempts to specify infinites, milieus and objects in the reinforced environment to do certain they become inspirational and invitational towards physical activity and motion without compromising the architectural vision and aesthetic value. Rugaard notes that planing for motion successfully is easy but what becomes more complex and challenging is the add-on of different people who are go throughing through these infinites and how the map of those non take parting in parkour additions the complexness of design. [ 6 ] img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1338946.011.jpg"The Gugenheim Museum in New York designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1959 is an illustration of a edifice that is clearly designed with a really controlled motion or promenade laid out within the edifice. The raging paseo guides the visitant up through the edifice go arounding through the whole exhibition infinite. There is no determination devising in this procedure but instead the visitant is led in one way ether up or down through the exhibition infinite. It is my purpose to analyze through instance surveies how motion can be achieved in a more intuitive manner instead than the forced nature of Frank Lloyd Wright’s work in the Guggenheim in New York. In a manner the controlling nature of the promenade within the Guggenheim is differs little from the control of motion within the futurist ideals. The visitant is non being engaged with the architecture but instead is being brought in a certain controlled way. Formulation of Movement Criteria In order to analyze how motion can be controlled in a museum puting it is necessary to put up a standard by which I will analyze a figure of instance surveies. This has been chiefly determined by the work of Le Corbusier and the architectural promenade. He believed that the undertaking of designers was to react to the interior â€Å"sounding board† of the human organic structure and act upon it to originate a response in the signifier of action. [ 7 ] Analyzing the standard he used focal points on the ways in which architecture can ease this procedure and as such act as a call for motion. Believing as he did that the organic structure plays a chief portion in the soaking up of cognition Le Corbusier developed a series of techniques to incorporate this procedure. Deducing from his roof of the mouth of centripetal experiences, beat, coloring material, visible radiation and touch, he choreographed sequences of infinites that would arouse a response at the most instinctual degree. In his early work modulating lines were used to direct these distinguishable messages to the head, following this the modular adult male would lend to this project. Light and dark would add a farther degree to the stage dancing of the promenade by playing to the edifice user physiologically through the power of symbolism. I will endeavor to analyze farther how the undermentioned sensory factors play a portion in modern architecture where engineering and even the promotion of light control can play a portion in the design and stage dancing of the modern promenade. Rhythms of the Body Scale Sound Light Coloring material Centripetal Stimulation On a basic degree Le Corbusier’s promenade consists of a series of experiences in infinite utilizing texture visible radiation, memory and associations which provoke action but there is a more intricate combination of these which needs to be examined. It is how the usage of these elements together which formulates the true promenade in his edifices. Le Corbusier’s edifices can be examined from a set group of elements of his promenade but non every edifice can be examined with respect to this expression ( threshold, sensitizing anteroom, oppugning, reorientation and apogee ) therefore I have set myself the undertaking of making my ain expression or group of elements that will help my scrutiny of motion through museum infinite from past to show. It is from analyzing these standards against current theoretical accounts of museum design will help my quest to make a more piquant and geographic expedition promoting edifice to animate people to travel and interact with their milieus instead than the somewhat displaced relationship we presently have with our environment. Illustrations Page Figure Beginning 1 Cover Image Alexander Straulino – My First Lightbox 6 Figure 1 Produced By Writer 6 Figure 2 Ibid 6 Figure 3 Ibid 7 Figure 4 My Playground – Kasparworks 9 Figure 5 Ibid 9 Figure 6 Flavie A.Iteration Type A( 2009 ) Mentions Samuel F. Le Corbusier A ; the Architectural Promenade. Sheffield: Birkhauser 2010 Kent C. Bloomer, Charles W. Moore, Robert J. Yudell Body Memory A ; Architecture. New Haven and London: Yale University Press 1977 Le Corbusier. The Marseille Block. London: Harville 1953 Menin S. A ; Samuel F. Nature A ; Space: Aalto and Le Corbusier. London: Routledge 2003 The Parkour Architect, picture, Flow-The Pakour Kommunity, 7 October 2012, viewed 31 October 2014 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=sLWfRzgo__4 A ; NR=1 gt ; How to cite Movement in Architecture, Essay examples

Injunction Essay Example For Students

Injunction Essay CBS Broadcasting, Inc. v. VanityMail Services, Inc. Federal Trademark Infringement- Likelihood of Consumer Confusion (Lanham Act ?43(a))a) Section 4 (a) provides that the plaintiff must prove the following: 1) that the defendants domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the plaintiff has rights; and 2) the defendant has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and 3) the domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith. Under this section of the act, the court must first evaluate whether or not the defendants domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the plaintiff has rights. In evaluating the likelihood of confusion, the court may look at a variety of factors. Some of these may include: similarity of sight, sound or meaning between marks, the strength of the plaintiffs mark, the defendants intent or bad faith in adopting a similar mark, the proximity or relatedness of goods, instances of consumers actual confusion, marketing channels, the sophistication of goods, and the likelihood of expansion. The marks in question are identical in sound, meaning and spelling. The plaintiff is the registered owner of the US service mark 48 Hours and device in Class 41 for television news program services. The defendant is the registered owner of www.48Hours.com. They differ only in sight for the defendants logo is featured in differing font and color from that of Plaintiffs. The strength of Plaintiffs mark is unquestionable. They have asserted 12 years of use of the 48 hours mark. Throughout the United States they have vast notoriety as a television news program. ?The more likely a mark is to be remembered and associated in the public mind with the marks owner, the greater protection the mark is accorded by trademark laws.? (Kenner Parker Toys Inc. v. Rose Art Indus., Inc.,)In terms of the defendants intent or bad faith, they were aware of the existence of the television news show prior to the conception of their 48 Hours.com business plans. (This was declared by the admissions of the prin cipals of VanityMail to having watched the plaintiffs news program.) With this information, they proceeded to register the mark. It is unclear as to what the defendants intent was in choosing this domain name. None of their services relate to any 48-hour theme of any sort. There is no evidence of Defendants bad faith in using the name. The proximity of the goods supplied by the two parties in question are worlds apart. The plaintiff supplies broadcasting services and promotional merchandise. The defendant provides yacht services. There are no reported instances of any actual consumer confusion. The plaintiff has not suffered any known damage due to Defendants use of the mark. The two parties do share the same marketing channels. In GoTo.com, Inc., v. The Walt Disney Company, the plaintiff sought a preliminary injunction because Defendants commercially used logo on the World Wide Web was remarkably similar to Plaintiffs. The court found that, ?the Web, as a marketing channel, is particularly susceptible to a likelihood of confusion since, ?it allows for competing marks to be encountered at the same time, on the same screen.? As for sophistication, any competent computer user may be able to access a web site. The GoTo case also found that ?Navigating amongst web sites involves practically no effort whatsoever, and arguments that Web users exercise a great deal of care before clicking hyperlinks is unconvincing.?The final issue of the likelihood of expansion may be addressed by the defendants presently poster logo, which reads ?Coming Soon: A Unique Experience for Discerning Tastes.? Additionally, at the bottom of the screen, there is a notation stating ?Ple ase direct any inquiries about our upcoming service to Obviously, the defendant does have plans for expansion of some sort. b) For the above-stated reasons, the plaintiff should not be granted preliminary injunction on the basis of this claim. GoTo.com, Inc., v. The Walt Disney Company, found that use of remarkably similar trademarks on different web sites creates a likelihood of confusion amongst Web users.? Federal trademark infringement guidelines state that the plaintiff must establish all 3 requirements listed above. The plaintiff is able to prove that 1) the mark is identical and 2) that the defendant has no rights or legitimate interests in the name but fails to meet the third requirement. Though the name is registered, there is no proof that it is being used in bad faith. Thus preliminary injunction should not be granted under the Lanham Act ?43(a). .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab , .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab .postImageUrl , .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab , .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab:hover , .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab:visited , .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab:active { border:0!important; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab:active , .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d0b36dc42f717d968c1285aa17550ab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dating Violence EssayFederal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995 (Lanham Act ?43 (c))a) This section of the Lanham Act differs from section 43 (a) in that it made the notion of dilution a federal-law concern. Section 43 (c) does not require competition between parties and a likelihood of confusion to present a claim for relief. The standards for measuring dilution are quite different from those of likelihood of confusion. In Panavision Intl, L.P. v. Toeppen, the question was whether the defendant violated federal or state law by intentionally registering the plaintiffs trademarks as his Internet domain names for the purpose of exacting payment from the plaintiff in exchange for the names. The court found that, ?injunctive relief is available under the Federal Trademark Dilution Act if a plaintiff can establish that 1) its mark is famous; 2) the defendant is making commercial use of the mark in commerce; 3) the defendants use began after the plaintiffs mark became famous; and 4) the defendants use presents a likelihood of dilution of the distinctive value of the mark.? b) The court must first look at whether or not Plaintiffs mark is in fact famous. The requirements of whether or not a mark is famous must meet the following criteria: 1) the degree of inherent or acquired distinctiveness of the mark; 2) the duration and extent of use of the mark in connection with the goods or services with which the ma rk is used 3) the duration and extent of advertising and publicity of the mark; 4) the geographical extent of the trading area in which the mark is used; 5) the channels of trade for the goods or service with which the mark is used; 6) the degree of recognition of the mark in the trading areas and channels of trade used by the marks owner and the person against whom the injunction is sought; 7) the nature and extent of use of the same or similar marks by third parties; and 8) whether the mark was registered? on the principal register. In Panavision Intl, L.P. v. Toeppen, the court found Panavision marks to be famous marks. Panavision owned the federal registration for the marks and it developed a strong secondary meaning because of Panavisions long period of exclusive use of the mark and its status as a major supplier of photographic equipment. In the instant case, the plaintiff has used the 48 Hours logo for over 12 years. The plaintiff owns the federal registration of the 48 Hours mark. All of the requirements for famousness are met as discussed above in section 43 (a). The defendant is using the domain name as a means of commercial use in commerce. They provide yacht charters and management services to individuals and corporations in the Caribbean area. The website contains an image of a harbor filled with boats. There is also an e-mail address provided at the bottom to direct customer inquiries to. This proves that the site is being used as an advertisement to solicit business. There are multiple banners from sponsors on the page as well. This verifies that the defendant is making money from the use of this site and therefore, the domain name. The plaintiff has used its 49 Hours marks since at least January 1988. Throughout the 12 years, the mark has gained recognition throughout the United States as a television news show. The defendant registered the domain name in May of 1997. Therefore, plaintiffs mark had already become famous. Political Issues Essays

The Erie Canal Essays - National Geographic Society,

The Erie Canal In the days before Alexander G Bells invention news and other topics of interest traveled across America quite slowly, usually becoming distorted as a result of the number of times it changed hands before the invention reached its final destination. An example of this that best exemplifies the proceeding statement is the California Gold Rush. When this news finally reached the central and eastern Americas California was made out to be a promise land with gold for the taking. As result towns popped up literally over night peppering the western United States. Although the California Gold Rush is an extreme example people of the pre phone era were also quite creative with their means of communication; the opening of the Erie Canal best shows this. The canal was opened on October 25, 1825. The Erie Canal was a big deal for everyone within its vicinity since the Hudson and Lake Erie were now linked. This was important because instead of traveling overland, which was expensive and time, co nsuming. People goods and information could now be floated to their destination via the Erie Canal. Usually a typical message would take weeks or months to move across the state but not this day. When the canal was opened a cannon was fired in Buffalo when a man stationed further east herd the first man's blast he fired his own and so on and so forth until the rumble had traveled down the Hudson and into New York City. When the clock stopped in New York the news had traveled a total of 500 miles in a mere two hours. In 1847 a child was born into the Bell family; this child was named Alexander Gram Bell. Alexander's mother Eliza was def. In fact, the only way he could talk to her was to speak in slow deep tones very close to her forehead. Alexander was intrigued how his def mother could understand these vibrations. This fascination was the beginning of a lifelong strife that led to numerous contributions to the social and scientific communities. Bell's career as an inventor and armature scientist began when he was only 14 years old. He designed a device that was able to separate the husks from wheat by combining a nailbrush and paddle to form a brushing wheel. Bell as one might think was no ordinary child. By the age of 16 he was a music instructor at an all male boarding school. Alexander also enjoyed to read and found himself drawn toward the German physicist Herman Von Helmlsltz who, in one of his writings discussed how vowel sound could be produced using tuning forks and resonators. The only problem with Von Helmlsltz's work was that it was in German and since Bell could not read German he made what he called a very valuable blunder. Alexander interpreted von Helmlotz's work as claiming vowel sounds could be carried over a wire. This blunder in turn began Bell's experiments with electricity. Alexander's original dream was to produce a telegraph that was capable of sending multiple messages at one time. This invention when complete was to be called the harmonic telegraph. While working on this telegraph Alexander Bell acquired the assistance of a gentleman named Thomas Watson who was known for devising tools that helped in improving numerous inventions. Later while discussing ways to improve Bell's harmonic telegraph the two discussed the dream of sending human voices over the telegraph wires.

Free Essays on Homers Portrayal Of Women

In reading Homer's The Odyssey, in order to answer the question of how Homer portrays the women in this epic, we must first determine exactly what the roles of women were and discover Homer's portrayal of them. By drawing conclusions from the text about the views of women held by the author, a bigger picture of the role of women in ancient Greek culture can be drawn. In The Odyssey we learn that women were placed on pedestals, as beautiful creatures, but were often subordinate to men, meaning they had little input and involvement in government, and often had to resort to deceit and trickery to get what they wanted. The glorification of the appearances of women is well illustrated by the way that Athena speaks of the esteem the people hold for Arete, when speaking to Odysseus in Phaeacia. "No lady in the world, no other mistress if a man's household, is honored as our mistress is, and loved, by her own children, by Alcinous, and by the people. When she walks the town murmur and gaze, as though she were a goddess. No grace or wisdom fails in her; indeed just men in quarrels come to her for equity" (Homer p.274). They think this highly of her, and yet, she is a subordinate of Alcinous. Arete is a very powerful woman. She is as powerful as the king, yet he gives orders to Arete, calling her "Lady" (Homer p.292), but commanding her to bring things to make ready for the departure of Odysseus. Like Arete, who is said to look like a god, many other beautiful and high-born women are compared to the gods. " Penelope the Wise, tall in her beauty as Artemis or pale-gold Aphrodite, appeared from her high chamber and came down to throw her arms around her son" (Homer p.318).This adds to the glorification of women in The Odyssey. The beautiful Nausicaa is also hailed as a goddess. "Daughter of great Alkinoos, Nausicaa, may Zeus the lord of thunder, Hera's consort; grant me daybreak again in my own country! But there and all my days until I die may... Free Essays on Homer's Portrayal Of Women Free Essays on Homer's Portrayal Of Women In reading Homer's The Odyssey, in order to answer the question of how Homer portrays the women in this epic, we must first determine exactly what the roles of women were and discover Homer's portrayal of them. By drawing conclusions from the text about the views of women held by the author, a bigger picture of the role of women in ancient Greek culture can be drawn. In The Odyssey we learn that women were placed on pedestals, as beautiful creatures, but were often subordinate to men, meaning they had little input and involvement in government, and often had to resort to deceit and trickery to get what they wanted. The glorification of the appearances of women is well illustrated by the way that Athena speaks of the esteem the people hold for Arete, when speaking to Odysseus in Phaeacia. "No lady in the world, no other mistress if a man's household, is honored as our mistress is, and loved, by her own children, by Alcinous, and by the people. When she walks the town murmur and gaze, as though she were a goddess. No grace or wisdom fails in her; indeed just men in quarrels come to her for equity" (Homer p.274). They think this highly of her, and yet, she is a subordinate of Alcinous. Arete is a very powerful woman. She is as powerful as the king, yet he gives orders to Arete, calling her "Lady" (Homer p.292), but commanding her to bring things to make ready for the departure of Odysseus. Like Arete, who is said to look like a god, many other beautiful and high-born women are compared to the gods. " Penelope the Wise, tall in her beauty as Artemis or pale-gold Aphrodite, appeared from her high chamber and came down to throw her arms around her son" (Homer p.318).This adds to the glorification of women in The Odyssey. The beautiful Nausicaa is also hailed as a goddess. "Daughter of great Alkinoos, Nausicaa, may Zeus the lord of thunder, Hera's consort; grant me daybreak again in my own country! But there and all my days until I die may...

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument - Essay Example Banning universities from showing, or rather, selling students list to credit card companies is a smart move. This is because; higher learning institutions should be the ones imparting life skills upon students. Instead, to benefit from the fees they get from the credit card companies, they give access to the students; this shows the level of corrupted morals in the country’s institutions of higher learning (Approvals.com). Thus, it is evident that students require loans to survive in colleges, unless, of course, one is from a well background. However, in spite of this fact sticking out, colleges and universities expose students to risks knowingly that they do not have the income to sustain the costs of financing a credit card. In this regard, institutions of higher learning should not grant access, whatsoever; despite the benefits, they bear from these companies. In addition, some of these institutions give misleading information, moreover to selling student lists, by giving promises of broader options concerning higher-education options (Golden). The information collected from these students is only beneficial to credit companies that commission such surveys and capitalize by using it for marketing. Other than exploitation by both institutions of higher learning and credit card companies, credit cards are a deception to students as they are not crucial to their life as students. Credit cards do not add any value except accrued debt and a lifetime of paying for it. Colleges should actively advocate against the use of credit cards, as they are non-essential products required by students. This is a critical move towards helping colleges and universities lower their own costs of operation, as well as save students the trouble of having claimants on their back. The move is significant because of the charges that come with processing credit card payments thus, curbing the operating costs of these institutions. Therefore to ensure that students do not use the ir credit cards, or even to deter them from using the said cards, some institutions are charging the processing fees in cards such as visa that are used to pay for tuition, parking and other services rendered in the institutions (Greene). Therefore, by doing so, credit card companies will be deterred from mounting their marketing stands in colleges and luring students to apply for finances that they do not require. This is by use of gifts at campus events in an attempt to attract them towards opening a credit card account (Zhu). In addition, due to the lack of independence demonstrated by most students, since they are either dependents of parents and guardians, the use of credit cards exposes them to greater risk (Zhu). This is in the form of promoting inability to cope with their own needs and put an end to reliance on advances; that one cannot afford due to either low income or lack of means to do so such as a job. Not only do they put students at risk, but also the parents and gu ardians who co-sign the application forms as per the law (Zhu). This is because; by spending that which they do not have puts the guardian in a position of responsibility to bear the cost of financing luxuries in the name of emergencies most of which usually end up as â€Å"fashion emergencies†. The fine print, otherwise known as terms and conditions, used by credit card compa

African Caribbean Community Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

African Caribbean Community - Assignment Example The colonial era of the United Kingdom essentially made the country a focal point for immigration by people from all over the world seeking entry into the western world. While the earliest black settlers in the UK were entertainers to the Royal families. Later the slave trade swelled their numbers that reached 14000 by the 1700s.In 1945 the minority population numbered in the low thousands and rose to 1.4 million in the 70's.The census report published in 2003, claims that minority ethnic groups account for 6.7% of the British population. Of the 4 million ethnic minority people living in Britain, African Caribbeans number 500,00 and are the second largest population among the minorities.(http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2002/race/short_history_of_immigration.stm; Peach C)While on the one hand Britain needed the labour for industry and people were lured in by employment in the land, "they were been brought up to revere," social, political and economic discrimination was an unexpected tragedy for the immigrants.African Caribbeans in Britain have found to be underachievers in the field of education in Britain. While statistics to prove these facts are methodically taken, scientific and sociological studies prove that this disturbing trend is not due to any innate faulty biological mechanism rather the inability of the British system to offer this ethnic group the optimal conditions for cognitive growth. Statistical facts African Caribbean children are found to exhibit a skewed learning behaviour. "Baseline'" testing of five year olds show their performance to be at par with other groups. However, by secondary school stage, "African-Caribbean pupils are between three and six times more likely to be expelled from school." The success rate in the GCSE examinations (2000) for black students was 37% compared to 50% for white students and 49% for Asians. "Out of over 22,000 British students who achieved AAA at A-Level in 2002 and entered higher education, only 37 were black." "For every young black Caribbean male at university in Britain, there are two in prison." While the black community in Britain did show upward trends in qualification levels (38.8 in 2001 compared to the national average of 19.8%), Caribbeans by contrast continue to be the least qualified ethnic group.(Anjool. 2005) The OFSTED report 1991 warns that the gaps between academic performance between African Caribbeans and the white population would widen in the next 20 years. While describing the group's potential the guardian asserts that "Black Caribbean children have an equal, if not higher, ability than white children, yet Black Caribbean boys make the least progress through school." This is attributed to the fact that Caribbeans live in the most deprived 10% wards in England. Discrimination: General prejudice Indirect evidence from the British Social Attitude survey suggests that Britons show equal discriminate against all ethnic minorities. However, Personal surveys indicate that Caribbeans perceive a higher level of discrimination especially in the job market. This may be because there is a general prejudice in the manual labour market and African Caribbeans being normally less qualified are usually a part of the manual labour force. African Caribbeans were also found by British Crime surveys to be having a greater risk of becoming victims to crime.(Heath F A, Mcmohan D.2000-01) The

Enhancing CSR in Saudi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enhancing CSR in Saudi - Essay Example This is in contrast to the Saudi government’s attempts to normalize the practice as a core business of the private sector. Moreover, social responsibility under Islamic teachings is obligatory with the Quran holding that there is due share for the deprived and beggars in wealth (Emtairah et al, 2009). This paper will seek to address what can be done to enhance CSR in Saudi Arabia at the government level, society level, and at the individual level. The belief held by sections of the Saudi society and corporations that CSR is a government responsibility requires concerted efforts by the government in steering debate by the public towards enhancing the acceptance by corporations of their CSR duties (Emtairah et al, 2009). This will also benefit the creation of a healthier society and stimulate growth of enterprise. The government’s role in convincing the private sector and motivating them to accept their obligations under CSR, however, may be inconsistent with free-market practices. Theoretically, the state should desist from forcing the private sector to act in any manner that is not dictated by market forces. Private corporations are, primarily, assumed to offer shareholders reasonable returns for their capital and Saudi business-people have interacted with Western capitalism for a while (Emtairah et al, 2009). Therefore, it will be difficult to alter perceptions, especially as there is increasing emphasis on profit and giving shareholders the highest returns financially. However, unlike the business community in the capitalist West, the government should take advantage of the fact that Saudi Arabia’s objectives of profit maximization do not mean that social problems cannot be solved economically as part of CSR. The government should seek to engage the private sector in debate about CSR from the perspective that there are differences between non-market factors and market factors, treating each aspect

Sepedi Language Module And Classroom Literacy Education Essay

Sepedi Language Module And Classroom Literacy Education Essay Try make an intro that introduces what you are being asked to write about. (set the scene) South Africa is an extremely diverse country consisting of many different races, religions and cultures. Language works hand-in-hand with these three elements and is something that sets our country apart from the rest of the world. (find a quote from eg Jacob Zuma about SAs languages) My mother tongue is English and my second language is Afrikaans and this year I was given the opportunity to choose one of the 11 official African languages as a language module. The University believes that this will give us more understanding of classroom literacies and and linguistic diversity in our country. I chose Sepedi as it The purpose of having classroom literacy is to empower students to become literate in a specific language and thereafter to be able to express themselves in a professional manner in terms of that language and the subject they choose to teach using that language. It serves no purpose to have students learn a specific subject in a language, say Afrikaans that they are not familiar with and perhaps even have no desire to learn, and then have to teach it in English or Sepedi. The reason therefore that Learning Institutions, such as accredited Universities like TUKS, offer Mother Tongue courses is precisely to counter this problem. One of the main purposes would be Empowerment which would seem to be the catalyst in the drive to educate students in their preferred language. Another main purpose would be to break down the barrier that was created, albeit (too old fashioned) invisibly, between the Western and the African culture. Once this is achieved there could be harmony in the cultural d iversities that exist. There is a huge linguistic diversity within all Educational Institutions in South Africa. South Africa is one of the exceptionally few countries in the world that has eleven official languages recorded in its Constitution. There are a handful of educational facilities that have been privatized and as part of their specific curriculum, that only offer one standard language being English, as the preferred language. This type of institution would commonly offer one or two African languages as an optional language but in addition have three or four European languages such as German, Spanish, Italian and French as second and third languages. Public schools, by virtue of the volume of students with an African mother tongue and or the financial capability, or lack thereof, of the parents or guardians mainly offer English as the preferred language, and one to three of the ten remaining official languages as second and third language options. Students opting for an African language as their p referred language of learning and subsequent teaching would however need to clearly understand that they would, by virtue of their choice, be limited in terms of expanding their horizons outside the boundaries of South Africa. To clarify my point here are some examples; Namibia which has Owambo, Damara, Herero, German, English and Afrikaans; Botswana that has Setswana, English, Kalanga, Kgalagadi, Afrikaans and English; Zimbabwe has Shona, Ndebele, English, Kalanga, Tonga and Mozambique which has Portuguese, Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, Shona. ******* ******* ******* Educators play a vital and essential role in the issue of sensitizing students to the diverse cultural differences in the language modules available. Whilst there may be those that share a different opinion on this issue, I believe it is essential that all basic education is done in English as this is the preferred International language on which virtually all education is based. Educators should never force students to learn a specific language because they personally either cannot speak it, like it or perhaps even are not able to teach that specific language. Having a second or third language can only be beneficial to those that can and will make use of this ability. I would see the benefit of having one or more additional language modules in African languages only for those students that have the desire to further their education in their desired field, or become teachers where they would be able to utilize what they have learnt pertaining specifically to the language they have chosen. Having said that, it is always beneficial to learn or have learnt any additional language. An implication of this would be that the student, who will ultimately be the teacher, will have to learn, and master, that specific language before they would be able to teach any learners or prospective students correctly. It serves no purpose to learn a language in a mediocre fashion and then attempt to teach learners in that mediocre fashion. The result would be catastrophic. So dramatic? In my personal opinion I feel that there are too many African language options available and then, by contrast, not enough foreign ones available as choices or options for students. This would be particularly applicable to students that have a desire to expand their education in a foreign country where the language barrier could be the deciding factor when it comes to an application for a position. It is always a prerequisite that any prospective candidate for a position in a foreign country is literate in that specific language or at least can show that they are learning or have an interest in the language. I also understand that there is a huge financial burden on Educational Institutions to have the infrastructure to be able to provide all these languages to their students. Software development is very expensive and takes a lot of time to develop and perfect. In addition to all the infrastructure and resources needed to offer all these languages, the Educational Institution would also have to employ additional mother tongue speaking and educated staff to teach these languages at a cost. The cost would have to be weighed up against the time spent by each educator and compared to the number of students per class to see if this would be a viable option. The chance that such classes would be, could be or could even become viable, is highly unlikely and therefore would become a financial burden for the Institution. I am also of the opinion that no Educational Institution should or should have to offer language modules in all eleven languages. The reason for this is twofold; one, that many of the African languages are very similar and could effectively be integrated into other languages and therefore do not warrant the vast expense of development and two, that the minority languages have so few students that it also does not make financial sense to do this. Sadly the financial implication plays a critical role in all decision making, not only in business but also in Education, in South Africa as in the rest of the world. ******** ******* ****** What you learnt in the module include 4 examples of vocab or phrases What you did in the module How others felt about the module Talk about indebele assignment and what you gained from that Overall do you feel that it was worth the time and effort? ******** *********** ****** In conclusion†¦ Sum up classroom literacies Sum up foreign languages Sum up financial implications Close off with forming your opinion

Anti-Dumping Essay -- essays research papers

Antidumping law and practice- USA and China. Among the trilogy of trade remedy regimes- countervailing duty, safeguard and antidumping actions- antidumping actions are by far the remedy of choice. It’s a measure internationally adopted to stop unfair competition, regulate international market order and protect the security of the national industries. It’s adopted by an increasing number of countries as it’s playing an increasingly important role in international trade. It’s perhaps the most controversial subject involving foreign trade. The United States is the world’s biggest user of antidumping and has been for decades. China, on the other hand, has been the number-one target of antidumping by most countries for the past decade. The first dumping lawsuit against china came in 1979 when Europeans accused Chinese saccharin manufacturers of dumping. If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be â€Å"dumping† the product. The WTO agreement does not pass judgment. Its focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping- it disciplines antidumping actions, and it is often called the â€Å"Antidumping Agreement† (The Agreement on Implementation of article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994). Antidumping refers to a legal system under which the government of a country investigates the dumping of imports and take corresponding antidumping measures in accordance with the law. Broadly speaking, the WTO agreement allows governments to act against dumping where there is genuine (â€Å"material†) injury to the competing domestic industry. In order to do that the government has to be able to show that dumping is taking place, calculate the extent of dumping and show that the dumping is causing injury or threatening to do so. Typically, antidumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to â€Å"bring† its price closer to the â€Å"normal value† or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country. There are many different ways of calculating whether a particular product is being dumped. The agreement (AD Agreement) narrows down the range of possible options to three methods. The main one is based on the price in the exporter’s domestic market. When this cannot be used, two alternatives are availa... ...s and harming for an average American consumer. Antidumping is a widely used remedy in international trade. Some countries use it more commonly than others. Some initiate a lot of antidumping cases, other are targets of these initiations. There are as many defenders as opponents nation and worldwide. Antidumping actions are to some extent very subjective and it makes it, among other arguments, a very controversial tool. Some even find it a threat to the international trade and prove that it is against free trade. Antidumping involves too many emotions and political influence. In many cases it’s a very short-term remedy for a difficult situation. However, it makes life more difficult for those thinking about predatory entrance and unfair competition. Both are against market order and fair competition with equal opportunities for everybody. It’s unethical and harmful to win a market with forbidden actions. Antidumping will still arouse emotions and protests: as long as there will be countries which antidumping institut ions are under political pressure to protect particular sectors/industries and as long as there will countries willing to win foreign markets no matter what price.

Market Structure Simulation

Market Structure Simulation Quasar Computers When industries are selling similar products this makes up market structure. I will be discussing economic profit that Quasar computer is able to make. The market structure is made of the following pure monopoly, pure competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. In the simulation I learn about pricing and non pricing strategies and understanding the diverse market structure. Quasar put out a new first all-optical notebook that is called Neutron. Quasar had to come with strategy regarding price and gain profit while having the only notebook on the market and monopolizing. To give a basic overview we Quasar set the price at $2,550 per notebook to create a place and so that marginal cost will equal to marginal revenue. In 2004 Quasar Computers had to review the advertising. The recommendation was $500 million. My price was $2,450, total cost 13. 29, total revenue 15. 1 and total profit was 1. 82. Due to the new lunch, David thought it would be a good idea to upgrade production. Jane thinks we should improve on the areas that we had major losses. Quasar Computers would need to sell more than over $500 million to make a profit and the Neutron would have to be priced higher. In 2006 competition arrises and we have to lower our prices, work on brand building to make sure we can keep our gain from Orin Technolgies since the company gain 50% of the market in notebooks. Orin Technologies is now in the same industry as Quasar and we are no longer monopolizing but Oligopoly. I think Quasar was a bit caught off guard. They had to think fast before competition became an issue. Quasar had to make decision quick if they should invest more funds into the marketing if they wanted to sell notebooks and reach out to a larger base of consumers or work on research and development. If Quasar wanted to success they had to stop and think about what infficiences they had and not expect to sell the same amount of quantity. Also during the time Orin came in the demand Neutron was sloping down and which increasing any price would just have consumer not buying any of their products. For Quasar to be sucesseful they have to focus on affordable but yet quality technology to remain in the game. Quasar how to reinvent technology and make their notebook fun and consumer entertained. Reference Geoff, R. (2006) Retrieved from http://tutor2u. net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-macroeconomic-policy. html U. S. Department of Commerce. (November 23, 2011). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved from http://www. bea. gov/newsreleases/national/pi/pinewsrelease. htm McConnell, C. R. , Brue, S. L. , & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (18th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. U. S Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2011, November 22). Personal Income and Outlay. Retrieved November 27, 2011 http://www. bea. gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease. htm Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2011, February 3). The Economic Outlook and Macroeconomic Policy. Retrieved November 27, 2011

Portfolio of Chinese contemporary artist Cai Guo-Qiang

Cai Guo-Qiang is a Chinese contemporary artist, curator and internationally recognized as a creator of large scale explosion events. He was born in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China in 1957 and lives and works in New York. From 1982-1985 he trained in stage design at Shanghai Drama Institute.His practices on wild life, Chinese medicine, fire works and gun powder. He explored the properties of gunpowder in his drawings when he was in Japan from 1986 to 1995. In 1996 he was selected for finalist for Hugo Boss Prize and in 1999 in 48th Venice Biennale he holds the Golden Lion award and he was awarded the 7th Hiroshima Art Prize in 2007. In 2009, he was awarded the 20th Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize[1].The Chinese art was influenced by the New Culture Movements of Western techniques. The aim of new Chinese art is to make contemporary Chinese art accessible to a global audience. For these; it presents several portfolios with 100 contemporary Chinese artists. Some of the selected exhibit ions and projects of China are I Want to Believe, Stage One and Illusion, Explosion Project for the Festival of China, Louisiana Museum of Modern Art and Flying Dragon in the Heavens.Cai Guo-Qiang was first exhibited by the Guggenheim in 1996. I want to believe is the first solo exhibition of an Asian artist organized by Guggenheim Museum of Bilbao in 2009. It is funded by the National Endowment for the Arts and some additional individuals and foundations support. This exhibition charts the artist’s creation of gunpowder drawings, explosion events and social projects and promotes the understanding of Chinese arts and culture worldwide[2].  If there is no action the artistic work of Cai Guo – Qiang is nothing. â€Å"I want to believe† is the creative body work with illustration and visually. It is about the pain and bliss of aggressive explosions–celebratory fire-works versus deadly car bombs.â€Å"I want to believe† significance comes from modern ity, secularism and human kind. â€Å"I want to believe† shows the truth of the era and also increase the awareness. â€Å"I want to believe† is the creation and innovation of the intelligence. â€Å"I want believe† got the concentration of the cross cultures.â€Å"I want to believe† is the artistic art work. It got the interest of the viewers without artist’s intention.   â€Å"I want to believe† is the â€Å"explosion event† by Cai. To show pure energy force Cai used fire works in â€Å"I want to believe†. It is the great art of work with energy.â€Å"I want believe† is know for its explosives. It’s the combination of gunpowder, explosives etc. It shows 80 artistic works from past to present. It is also consists installations and social projects. I want to believe is the magnificent and famous work by Cai[3].â€Å"I want to believe† is the combination cultures and creation. His works are hugely inspired from locations. He explores wide variety art forms .He is best known for his â€Å"fire works†All his works are got inspired from ancient cultures of Chinese. His works mentions Buddhism and martial arts frequently. His works always speaks about the fight between human and nature. His work also mentions about Maoist and Taoist themes. His work is expensive in market of power and product.â€Å"I want to believe† is huge with sight and sound of explosions. It speaks about the artistic work of the art. I want to believe is the work of revolution and aggression[4].Conclusion:Cai Guo – Qiang is an extraordinary artist of twenty first century. He is a transnational artist of extraordinary creative vision and illustration, his structure are inherently unstable, dealing with expenditure of materials and ideas of transformation.Although his work is very expensive to imagine and also to realize his works always speaks about wide variety of aspects such as Capitalism, Sec ularism, Martial arts, Buddhism, Maoist, Taoist, Cross cultures, Transformation etc .His work also shows the combat between the nature and man.Reference:Gersh-Nesic, Beth S. â€Å"Cai Guo-Qiang: I Want to Believe†. Arthistory.about. 2008. Web. 2 June. 2010. Guggenheim. â€Å"Guggenheim Museum Presents Cai Guo-Qiang: I Want To Believe† Guggenheim. 21 May, 2008. Web. 2 June 2010. .Guo-Qiang's, Cai. â€Å"Biography†. Pbs. 2007. 2 June 2010. Smith, Roberta. â€Å"Cars and Gunpowder and Plenty of Noise† The New York Times. 22 February. 2008.[1] Guo-Qiang's, Cai. â€Å"Biography†. Pbs. 2007. 2 June 2010.   [2] Guggenheim. â€Å"Guggenheim Museum Presents Cai Guo-Qiang: I Want To Believe† Guggenheim. 21 May, 2008. Web. 2 June 2010. .[3] Gersh-Nesic, Beth S. â€Å"Cai Guo-Qiang: I Want to Believe†. Arthistory.about. 2008. Web. 2 June. 2010. [4] Smith, Roberta. â€Å"Cars and Gunpowder and Plenty of Noise† The New York Times. 22 Febru ary. 2008.   

Losing The Religion essays

Losing The Religion essays (Not available; US): Gordon Heath Publishing, 1955. Animal farm is a social, but chiefly political, satire. This book appears to address totalitarian governments in the whole, but IÕve heard Mr. Orwell was specifically referring to the 1917 Russian Revolution. This book is written in somewhat of a fable form, from the point of view of the animals as they watch their leaders warp and gradually destroy the ideology of the "animalism" revolution. I would say this story counts as allegory, as the symbolism could be interpreted as an extended metaphor. Not their character in the story, but who in history they represent individualizes each animal on the farm. The satire does not give any evidence to the storyÕs time period. But, because of the fairly primitive farming methods (lack of machines), IÕm assuming the time period is somewhere near the beginning of the 20th century. As the book takes place on a farm, the location probably lies somewhere is the west (US). Observing the leaders of the animals slowly raise themselves to tyranny is interesting. As the book wears on, you can see the authorÕs views (biting commentary) on a few political issues (obviously) show through, and it is revealed to you who the animals most likely represent in totalitarian government (specifically, the Russian Revolution). It is a very thoughtful book, and encourages you to examine human culture and behavior as well as parallels between two seemingly opposite things. The language isnÕt all that interesting, but the simple writing style brings in the fable aspect. Yes, I feel the characters are chosen wisely, as they represent those important in the isolated historical period. The wealthy, the peasants, the leaders, tyrants, neighboring countries-they all are mentioned through the animals. ThereÕs no way they wouldnÕt seem fictional, as what happens in the book was and is impossible. But t ...

See Order Instructions Please Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See Order Instructions Please - Essay Example After researching on the potential institutions that would help in realizing my career ambitions, I settled on the Sterling College, a Kansas-based Christian college. The ideology and philosophy propagated by this institution is in tandem with my aspirations of upholding Christian values in all aspects of life. For my case, I intend to uphold the Kingdom values by pursuing a career in the field of medicine, with specialization in pediatric cancer cases. Therefore, I plan to study biology, pre-medicine and a minor in music on my way to the realization of these ambitions. With my good GPA grade of 3.8 thus far, I am considering study in any field of biology like marine ecology and zoology as the second option. Apart from concentrating on academics associated with this scholarship, I anticipate an exciting extracurricular life, especially on games and music. This is in line with my previous life where I have been involved in playing volleyball for 4 years, singing for six years in which four was spent on Honor Choir and two as a Sound master. I also consider the contribution to the community as pivotal in the life of a Christian like me. This is evident in my previous involvement, in community service where I participated for two years in Sing station, a community singing group, three years in Loaves and Fishes, a group that delivers food to shut-ins and four years in Church Youth Group. I learned about the availability of this scholarship with great excitement.

Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Values - Essay Example However, there is a disparity when it comes to loyalty. I hold that loyalty should be kept only when it is necessary. For example, in case an agency is exploiting people, it significant to tell the truth (Kraemer, 2011). Describe how people acquire and change values Everyone is guided by values; the difference is that we vary on how intensely we hold each our values. This is linked to how our values have been molded during the course of our lives. Recurrent engagement of values is likely to reinforce them. Our lives offer frequent prospects for and restrictions on the detection and development of some values. In addition, practice ensures that values are instilled in our mind (Duggan & Cowburn, 2013). Our involvement with different features of culture and society helps acquire and strengthen certain values. Churches, trade unions, Community centers, and libraries are examples of establishments that we are part of and recognized as encouraging the mutual understanding in that they may surge to the significance we put on equality, friendship, or social justice. Our experience with parks and forests promotes our appreciation for nature and other intrinsic values (Kraemer, 2011). Our experience of particular institutions as well as guidelines can alter or strengthen our views of what is conceivable, wanted, and normal through a procedure identified as policy feedback. Exposure to the institutions of consumer culture may also represent a form of policy feedback. Through our day-to-day lives and interaction with others, we acquire certain values and change others. We encounter different experiences and different people who believe in different things from us and who hold different values from us (Howe, 1995). In the process of interacting with them, we may acquire some new values and therefore changing the values, we have. We also acquire new values form our different religions and cultures. Explain what values do to us and for us Values are those guidelines and prin ciples that guide our life. Our values provide an outline to our conduct even though we are uninformed of what values are. Understanding our values provides one with a superior awareness in behavior. Our decision-making ability depends on the value we have in that we can do something based on which values we hold. Appreciating the significance of our values offers transparency in that we are in a position to define and understand ourselves (Barkan, 2011). Values can also offer discernment into the nature of interactive relationship that one should engage in while relating with others. When we identify and comprehend the meaning and importance of our values, we are able to appreciate ourselves, our relationships and our view of the world. What is the nature and importance of human values at the workplace? Upholding values at the work place is important for any organization. Employees who uphold values are likely to perform well as compared to those who take them for granted.

Research on state government agencies Coursework

Research on state government agencies - Coursework Example With such core values, the agency is destined to make the best in their scope of work. To ensure they are working efficiently, the agency provided vital information. Some of the vital information include the address, telephone and contact details. The contact details for Texas transport department are telephone number: (800) 558-9368, address: 125 East 11th St. and the website is http://www.txdot.gov. The Texas department of public safety’s mission is to protect and serve the public. Its core values include integrity, excellence, and accountability. In order to serve people optimally, the department have given an email, which is kevin.jones@dps.texas.gov. Similarly, its address is 5805 North Lamar Blvd. while its contacts are Texas 78773-0251 and 512-424-5900. Its website is http://www.dps.texas.gov. The Texas parks and wildlife department mission is to maintain and conserve the resources in Texas. This includes the natural and cultural resources, in providing various services like fishing, hunting and outdoor activities (United States, 2012). It has various philosophies, which include being a recognizable manager of resources, serving Texas effectively, and maintaining responsibility. Its contacts include 4200 Smith School Road and its website is http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us. The Texas department of transportation has a wide scope of work. To begin with, the department ensures the highways are safe for public transport. This is by ensuring all roads are repaired in time. As such, they have to plan on all repairs on the highways. Secondly, the Texas department ensures the traffic is flowing accordingly. At times, there are traffic snarl-ups, which affect the people. As such, they have to avoid such instances. Thirdly, the department ensures people who commit road offences are apprehended. In some instances, people flout the traffic rules. This is the work of the department, to ensure people follow the rules.

Importance of Agriculture in Economy Essay Example for Free

Importance of Agriculture in Economy Essay The direct contribution of the agriculture sector to national economy is reflected by its share in total GDP, its foreign exchange earnings, and its role in supplying savings and labor to other sectors. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fishing accounted for 18.5 percent of total Indian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2005-06 (at 1999-2000 constant prices) and employed about 58 percent of the countrys workforce (CSO, 2007). It accounted for 10.95 percent of India’s exports in 2005-06 (GoI, 2007) and about 46 percent of Indias geographical area is used for agricultural activity. There has been a structural transformation in the Indian economy during the past few decades. The composition of Gross Domestic Product at 1993-94 constant prices reveals that the share of agriculture including forestry and fishing has declined as growth in industrial and services sectors far outpaced agricultural sector (Figure 1). The share of mining, manufacturing, electricity and construction sector has increased from 21.6 percent in 1970-71 to 27 percent in 2004-05 and services sector has increased significantly from 32 percent to 52.4 percent during the same period. Despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, agriculture is still an important sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of the country. Therefore, fostering rapid, sustained and broad-based growth in agriculture remains key priority for the government. Consistent with the trends of economic development at national level, role of agricultural sector in the state economies is also changing rapidly. The share of agriculture in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) has declined significantly during the last two decades. In some States, such as Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Orissa, the sector today contributes more than one-quarter of GSDP, while in some states, such as Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, the sector contributes less than 20 percent to GSDP (Figure 2). However, contribution of agriculture to GSDP has declined in almost all States between 1993-94 and 2004-05. The decline was the highest in Karnataka (16%), followed by Haryana (14.2%), and Kerala (13.7%). In Karnataka, decline was mainly due to significant increase in the share of service sector (from 37.9% in 1993-94 to 54.7% in 2004-05) mainly driven by informational technology (IT) industry. Similar is the case with Haryana the decline is due to faster development of services sector in cities around the national capital, Delhi. Despite declining share of agriculture in the economy, majority of workforce continue to depend on agricultural sector for employment and in rural areas dependence on agriculture is more as nearly 75 percent of rural population is employed in agricultural sector. However, there is disguised employment in the sector due to limited opportunities for rural non-farm employment. This disguised employment leads to lower labor and resources productivity in the sector relative to other sectors of the economy. The low labor productivity leads to higher rates of poverty in rural areas (Figure 3). Agriculture in India is constitutionally the responsibility of the states rather than the central government. The central governments role is in formulating policy and providing financial resources for agriculture to the states. Agriculture finance Meaning: Agricultural finance generally means studying, examining and analyzing the financial aspects pertaining to farm business, which is the core sector of India. The financial aspects include money matters relating to production of agricultural products and their disposal. Definition of Agricultural finance: Murray (1953) defined agricultural. finance as â€Å"an economic study of borrowing funds by farmers, the organization and operation of farm lending agencies and of society’s interest in credit for agriculture .† Tandon and Dhondyal (1962) defined agricultural. finance â€Å"as a branch of agricultural economics, which deals with and financial resources related to individual farm units.† What is Agriculture Finance Agricultural finance is the study of financing and liquidity services credit provides to farm borrowers. It is also considered as the study of those financial intermediaries who provide loan funds to agriculture and the financial markets in which these intermediaries obtain their loanable funds. John B. Penson, Jr. and David A. Lins (1980) Why Agriculture Finance India is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture accounts for approximately 33 percent of Indias GDP and employs nearly 62 percent of the population. It accounts for 8.56 % of Indias exports. About 43 % of Indias geographical area is used for agricultural activity. Agricultural production in this country depends upon millions of small farmers. It is intensity of their effort and the efficiency of their technique that will help in raising yields per acre. Finance in agriculture is as important as development of technologies. Technical inputs can be purchased and used by farmer only if he has money (funds). But his own money is always inadequate and he needs outside finance or credit. Because of inadequate financial resources and absence of timely credit facilities at reasonable rates, many of the farmers, even though otherwise willing, are unable to go in for improved seeds and manures or to introduce better methods or techniques. The farming community must be kept informed about the various sources of agriculture finance. Agricultural finance possesses its usefulness to the farmers, lenders and extension workers. The knowledge of lending institutions, their legal and regulatory environment helps in selecting the appropriate lender who can adequately provide the credit with terms and related services needed to finance the farm business. Nature and Scope: Agricultural finance can be dealt at both micro level and macro level. Macrofinance deals with different sources of raising funds for agriculture as a whole in the economy. It is also concerned with the lending procedure, rules, regulations, monitoring and controlling of different agricultural credit institutions. Hence macro-finance is related to financing of agriculture at aggregate level. Micro-finance refers to financial management of the individual farm business units. And it is concerned with the study as to how the individual farmer considers various sources of credit, quantum of credit to be borrowed from each source and how he allocates the same among the alternative uses with in the farm. It is also concerned with the future use of funds. Therefore, macro-finance deals with the aspects relating to total credit needs of the agricultural sector, the terms and conditions under which the credit is available and the method of use of total credit for the development of agriculture, while micro-finance refers to the financial management of individual farm business. Significance of Agricultural Finance: 1) Agril finance assumes vital and significant importance in the agro – socio – economic development of the country both at macro and micro level. 2) It is playing a catalytic role in strengthening the farm business and augmenting the productivity of scarce resources. When newly developed potential seeds are combined with purchased inputs like fertilizers plant protection chemicals in appropriate / requisite proportions will result in higher productivity. 3) Use of new technological inputs purchased through farm finance helps to increase the agricultural productivity. 4) Accretion to in farm assets and farm supporting infrastructure provided by large scale financial investment activities results in increased farm income levels leading to increased standard of living of rural masses. 5) Farm finance can also reduce the regional economic imbalances and is equally good at reducing the inter–farm asset and wealth variations. 6) Farm finance is like a lever with both forward and backward linkages to the economic development at micro and macro level. 7) As Indian agriculture is still traditional and subsistence in nature, agricultural finance is needed to create the supporting infrastructure for adoption of new technology.   8) Massive investment is needed to carry out major and minor irrigation projects, rural electrification, installation of fertilizer and pesticide plants, execution of agricultural promotional programmes and poverty alleviation programmes in the country .LECTURE -2 Credit needs in A Credit needs in Agriculture – meaning and definition of credit-classification of credit based on time, purpose, security, lender and borrower. _____________________________________________________________________ The word â€Å"credit† comes from the Latin word â€Å"Credo† which means â€Å"I believe†. Hence credit is based up on belief, confidence, trust and faith. Credit is other wise called as loan. Definition: Credit / loan is certain amount of money provided for certain purpose on certain conditions with some interest, which can be repaid sooner (or) later. According to Professor Galbraith credit is the â€Å"temporary transfer of asset from one who has to other who has not† Credit needs in Agriculture: Agricultural credit is one of the most crucial inputs in all agricultural development programmes. For a long time, the major source of agricultural credit was private moneylenders. But this source of credit was inadequate, highly expensive and exploitative. To curtail this, a multi-agency approach consisting of cooperatives, commercial banks ands regional rural banks credit has been adopted to provide cheaper, timely and adequate credit to farmers. The financial requirements of the Indian farmers are for, 1. Buying agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, feed and fodder for cattle etc. 2. Supporting their families in those years when the crops have not been good. 3. Buying additional land, to make improvements on the existing land, to clear old debt and purchase costly agricultural machinery. 4. Increasing the farm efficiency as against limiting resources i.e. hiring of irrigation water lifting devices, labor and machinery Credit can be classified on the basis of time, purpose, security, lender and borrower. (i)Time classification:- It classifies credit into three groups, i.e. short, medium and long term. (a) Short-Term (for periods up to 15 months): The short-term loans are generally advanced for meeting annual recurring purchases such as, seed, feed, fertilizers, hired labour expenses, pesticides, weedicides, hired machinery charges, etc., and termed as seasonal loans/crop loans/production loans. These are expected to be repaid after the harvest. It is expected that the loan plus interest would be repaid from the income received through the enterprise in which it was invested. The time limit to repay such loans is a year or at the most 18 months. (b) Medium-Term (from 15 months up to 5 years): Medium-term loans are advanced for comparatively longer lived assets such as machinery, diesel engine, wells, irrigation structure, threshers, shelters, crushers, draught and milch animals, dairy/poultry sheds, etc., where the returns accruing from increase in farm assets in spread over more than one production period. The usual repayment period for such type of loan is from fifteen months to five years. (c) Long-Term (above 5 Years): Loans repayable over a longer period (i.e. above 5 years) are classified as long-term loans. Long-term loans are related to the long lifed assets such as heavy machinery, land and its reclamation, errection of farm buildings, construction of permanent-drainage or irrigation system, etc. which require large sums of money for initial investment. The benefits generated through such assets are spread over the entire life of the asset. The normal repayment period for such loans ranges from five to fifteen or ev en upto 20 years. (ii) Purpose classification:- Credit is also classified based on purpose of loans e.g. crop loan, poultry/dairy/piggery loan, irrigation loan, machinery and equipment loan, forestry loan, fishery loan etc. These loans signify the close relationship between time and use as well as rate of return (or profitability). Some times loans are also classified as production and consumption loans due to the fact that production loans are diverted for consumption purposes by the weaker sections. So, the banks have also started financing for consumption purposes (exclusively for home consumption expenditures) besides financing for the production purposes. The consumption loans are also to be repaid from the sale proceeds of the crop. (iii) Security classification:- Security offered/obtained provides another basis for classifying the loans. The secured loans are advanced as against the security of some tangible personal property such as land, livestock and other capital assets, i.e., medium and long term loans. The borrowers credit worthiness may act much more than the security offered, which if doubtful may result willful default. Moreover, the secured loans are further classified on the basis of type of security e.g. mortgage loans, where legal mortgage of some property such as land is offered to the lender, i.e., loans for intangible property such as land improvement, irrigation infrastructures, etc. and hypothecated loans, where legal ownership of the asset financed remains with the lender though physical possession with the borrowers i.e. loans for tangible property such as tractor, machinery and equipments. The private money lenders, usually possess items such as gold ornaments / jewellery or land as security, which reminds the borrower about his obligations of loan repayments. On the contrary, unsecured loans are generally advanced without offering any security e.g. short-term crop loans. (iv) Lender classification:- Credit is also classified on the basis of lender such as (a) Institutional Credit e.g. co-operative loans, commercial bank loans and government loans; (b) Non-Institutional Credit e.g. professional and agricultural money lenders, traders and commission agents, relatives and friends etc. (v) Borrower classification:- The credit is also classified on the basis of type of borrowers (i.e., production or business activity as well as size of business) such as crop farmers, dairy farmers, poultry farmers, fisherman, rural artisans etc. or agricultural labourers, marginal/small/medium/large farmers, hill farmers or tribal farmers etc. Such classification has equity considerations. credit is broadly classified based on various criteria: 1. Based on time: This classification is based on the repayment period of the loan. It is sub-divided in to 3 types Short–term loans: These loans are to be repaid within a period of 6 to 18 months. All crop loans are said to be short–term loans, but the length of the repayment period varies according to the duration of crop. The farmers require this type of credit to meet the expenses of the ongoing agricultural operations on the farm like sowing, fertilizer application, plant protection measures, payment of wages to casual labourers etc. The borrower is supposed to repay the loan from the sale proceeds of the crops raised. Medium – term loans: Here the repayment period varies from 18 months to 5 years. These loans are required by the farmers for bringing about some improvements on his farm by way of purchasing implements, electric motors, milch cattle, sheep and goat, etc. The relatively longer period of repayment of these loans is due to their partially-liquidating nature. Long – term loans: These loans fall due for repayment over a long time ranging from 5 years to more than 20 years or even more. These loans together with medium terms loans are called investment loans or term loans. These loans are meant for permanent improvements like levelling and reclamation of land, construction of farm buildings, purchase of tractors, raising of orchards ,etc. Since these activities require large capital, a longer period is required to repay these loans due to their non liquidating nature. 2. Based on Purpose: Based on purpose, credit is sub-divided in to 4 types.   Production loans: These loans refer to the credit given to the farmers for crop production and are intended to increase the production of crops. They are also called as seasonal agricultural operations (SAO) loans or short – term loans or crop loans. These loans are repayable with in a period ranging from 6 to 18 months in lumpsum .Investment loans: These are loans given for purchase of equipment the productivity of which is distributed over more than one year. Loans given for tractors, pumpsets, tube wells, etc. Marketing loans: These loans are meant to help the farmers in overcoming the distress sales and to market the produce in a better way. Regulated markets and commercial banks, based on the warehouse receipt are lending in the form of marketing loans by advancing 75 per cent of the value of the produce. These loans help the farmers to clear off their debts and dispose the produce at remunerative prices. Consumption loans: Any loan advanced for some purpose other than production is broadly categorized as consumption loan. These loans seem to be unproductive but indirectly assist in more productive use of the crop loans i.e. with out diverting then to other purposes. Consumption loans are not very widely advanced and restricted to the areas which are hit by natural calamities. These loams are extended based on group guarantee basis with a maximum of three members. The loan is to be repaid with in 5 crop seasons or 2.5 years whichever is less. The branch manager is vested with the discretionary power of sanctioning these loans up to Rs. 5000 in each individual case. The rate of interest is around 11 per cent. The scheme may be extended to 1) IRDP beneficiaries 2) Small and marginal farmers 3) Landless Agril. Laborers 4) Rural artisans 5) Other people with very small means of livelihood hood such as carpenters, barbers, washermen, etc. 3. Based on security: The loan transactions between lender and borrower are governed by confidence and this assumption is confined to private lending to some extent, but the institutional financial agencies do have their own procedural formalities on credit transactions. Therefore it is essential to classify the loans under this category into two sub-categories viz., secured and unsecured loans. Secured loans: Loans advanced against some security by the borrower are termed as secured loans. Various forms of securities are offered in obtaining the loans and they are of following types. I. Personal security: Under this, borrower himself stands as the guarantor. Loan is advanced on the farmer’s promissory note. Third party guarantee may or may not be insisted upon (i.e. based on the understanding between the lender and the borrower) II. Collateral Security: Here the property is pledged to secure a loan. The movable properties of the individuals like LIC bonds, fixed deposit bonds, warehouse receipts, machinery, livestock etc, are offered as security. III. Chattel loans: Here credit is obtained from pawn-brokers by pledging movable properties such as jewellery, utensils made of various metals, etc. IV. Mortgage: As against to collateral security, immovable properties are presented for security purpose For example, land, farm buildings, etc. The person who is creating the charge of mortgage is called mortgagor (borrower) and the person in whose favour it is created is known as the mortgagee (banker). Mortgages are of two types a) Simple mortgage: When the mortgaged property is ancestrally inherited property of borrower then simple mortgage holds good. Here, the farmer borrower has to register his property in the name of the banking institution as a security for the loan he obtains. The registration charges are to be borne by the borrower. b) Equitable mortgage: When the mortgaged property is self-acquired property of the borrower, then equitable mortgage is applicable. In this no such registration is required, because the ownership rights are clearly specified in the title deeds in the name of farmer-borrower. V. Hypothecated loans: Borrower has ownership right on his movable and the banker has legal right to take a possession of property to sale on default (or) a right to sue the owner to bring the property to sale and for realization of the amount due. The person who creates the charge of hypothecation is called as hypothecator (borrower) and the person in whose favor it is created is known as hypothecate (bank) and the property, which is denoted as hypothecated property. This happens in the case of tractor loans, machinery loans etc. Under such loans the borrower will not have any right to sell the equipment until the loan is cleared off. The borrower is allowed to use the purchased machinery or equipment so as to enable him pay the loan installment regularly. Hypothecated loans again are of two types viz., key loans and open loans. a) Key loans : The agricultural produce of the farmer borrower will be kept under the control of lending institutions and the loan is advanced to the farmer . This helps the farmer from not resorting to distress sales. b) Open loans: Here only the physical possession of the purchased machinery rests with the borrower, but the legal ownership remains with the lending institution till the loan is repaid. Unsecured loans: Just based on the confidence between the borrower and lender, the loan transactions take place. No security is kept against the loan amount 4. Lender’s classification: Credit is also classified on the basis of lender such as Institutional credit: Here are loans are advanced by the institutional agencies like co-operatives, commercial banks. Ex: Co-operative loans and commercial bank loans. Non-institutional credit : Here the individual persons will lend the loans Ex: Loans given by professional and agricultural money lenders, traders, commission agents, relatives, friends, etc. 5. Borrower’s classification: The credit is also classified on the basis of type of borrower. This classification has equity considerations. Based on the business activity like farmers, dairy farmers, poultry farmers, pisiculture farmers, rural artisans etc. Based on size of the farm: agricultural labourers, marginal farmers, small farmers , medium farmers , large farmers , Based on location hill farmers (or) tribal farmers. 6. Based on liquidity: The credit can be classified into two types based on liquidity and they are Self-liquidating loans: They generate income immediately and are to be paid with in one year or after the completion of one crop season. Ex: crop loans. ï‚ · Partially -liquidating: They will take some time to generate income and can be repaid in 2-5 years or more, based on the economic activity for which the loan was taken. Ex: Dairy loans, tractor loans, orchard loans etc., 7. Based on approach: Individual approach: Loans advanced to individuals for different purposes will fall under this category Area based approach: Loans given to the persons falling under given area for specific purpose will be categorized under this. Ex: Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) loans, etc Differential Interest Rate (DIR) approach: Under this approach loans will be given to the weaker sections @ 4 per cent per annum. 8. Based on contact: Direct Loans: Loans extended to the farmers directly are called direct loans. Ex: Crop loans. Indirect loans: Loans given to the agro-based firms like fertilizer and pesticide industries, which are indirectly beneficial to the farmers aSource of Agricultural Credit are called iidirct loans. The sources of agricultural finance are broadly classified into two categories: (A) Noninstitutional Credit Agencies or informal sources, and (B) Institutional Credit Agencies or Formal Sources. A. Non-institutional Credit Agencies i) Traders and Commission Agents: Traders and commission agents advance loans to agriculturists for productive purposes against their crop without completing legal formalities. It often becomes obligatory for farmers to buy inputs and sell output through them. They charge a very heavy rate of interest on the loan and a commission on all the sales and purchases, making it exploitative in nature. ii) Landlords: Mostly small farmers and tenants depend on landlords for meeting their production and day to day financial requirements. iii) Money lenders: Despite rapid development in rural branches of different institutional credit agencies, village money lenders still dominate the scene. Money lenders are of two types- agriculturist money lenders who combine their money lending job with farming and professional money lenders whose sole job is money lending. A number of reasons have been attributed for the popularity of moneylenders such as: (a) they meet demand for productive as well as unproductive requirement; (b) they are easily approachable at odd hours; and (c) they require very low paper work and advances are given against promissory notes or land. Money lenders charge a very high rate of interest as they take advantage of the urgency of the situation. Over the years a need for regulation of money lending has been felt. But lack of institutional credit access to certain sections and areas had facilitated unhindered operation of money lending. B. Institutional Credit Agencies The evolution of institutional credit to agriculture could be broadly classified into four distinct phases 1904-1969 (predominance of co-operatives and setting up of RBI), 1969-1975 [nationalisation of commercial banks and setting up of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)], 1975-1990 (setting up of NABARD) and from 1991 onwards (financial sector reforms). Institutional funding of the farm sector is mainly by commercial banks, regional rural banks and co-operative banks. Share of commercial banks in total institutional credit to agriculture is almost 48 percent followed by cooperative banks with a share of 46 per cent. Regional Rural Banks account for just about 6 per cent of total credit disbursement. i) Government: These are both short term as well as long-term loans. These loans are popularly known as Taccavi loans which are generally advanced in times of natural calamities. The rate of interest is low. But it is not a major source of agricultural finance. ii) Cooperative Credit Societies: The history of cooperative movement in India dates back to 1904 when first Cooperative Credit Societies Act was passed by the Government. The scope of the Act was restricted to establishment of primary credit societies and non-credit societies were left out of its purview. The shortcomings of the Act were rectified through passing another Act called Cooperative Societies Act 1912. The Act gave provision for registration of all types of Cooperative Societies. This made the emergence of rural cooperatives both in the credit and noncredit areas, though with uneven spatial growth. In subsequent years a number of Committees were appointed and recommendations implemented to improve the functioning of the cooperatives. Soon after the independence, the Government of India following the recommendations of All India Rural Credit Survey Committee (1951) felt that cooperatives were the only alternative to promote agricultural credit and development of rural areas. Accordingly, cooperatives received substantial help in the provision of credit from Reserve Bank of India as a part of loan policy and large scale assistance from Central and State Governments for their development and strengthening. Many schemes involving subsidies and concessions for the weaker sections were routed through cooperatives. As a result cooperative institutions registered a remarkable growth in the post-independence India. iii) Commercial Banks: Previously commercial banks (CBs) were confined only to urban areas serving mainly to trade, commerce and industry. Their role in rural credit was meagre i.e., 0.9 per cent in 1951- 52 and 0.7 per cent in 1961-61. The insignificant participation of CBs in rural lending was explained by the risky nature of agriculture due to its heavy dependence on monsoon, unorganized nature and subsistence approach. A major change took place in the form of nationalisation of CBs in 1969 and CBs were made to play an active role in agricultural credit. At present, they are the largest source of institutional credit to agriculture. iv) Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): RRBs were set up in those regions where availability of institutional credit was found to be inadequate but potential for agricultural development was very high. However, the main thrust of the RRBs is to provide loans to small and marginal farmers, landless labourers and village artisans. These loans are advanced for productive purposes. At present 196 RRBs are functioning in the country lending around Rs 9,000 crore to rural people, particularly to weaker sections. v) Microfinancing: Microfinancing through Self Help Groups (SHG) has assumed prominence in recent years. SHG is group of rural poor who volunteer to organise themselves into a group for eradication of poverty of the members. They agree to save regularly and convert their savings into a common fund known as the Group corpus. The members of the group agree to use this common fund and such other funds that they may receive as a group through a common management. Generally, a self-help group consists of 10 to 20 persons. However, in difficult areas like deserts, hills and areas with scattered and sparse population and in case of minor irrigation and disabled persons, this number may range from 5-20. As soon as the SHG is formed and a couple of group meetings are held, an SHG can open a Savings Bank account with the nearest Commercial or Regional Rural Bank or a Cooperative Bank. This is essential to keep the thrift and other earnings of the SHG safely and also to improve the transparency levels of SHGs transactions. Opening of SB account, in fact, is the beginning of a relationship between the bank and the SHG. The Reserve Bank of India has issued instructions to all banks permitting them to open SB accounts in the name of registered or unregistered SHGs. Genesis and Historical Background The Committee to Review Arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development (CRAFICARD) set up by the RBI under the Chairmanship of Shri B Sivaraman in its report submitted to Governor, Reserve Bank of India on November 28, 1979 recommended the establishment of NABARD. The Parliament through the Act 61 of 81, approved its setting up. The Committee after reviewing the arrangements came to the conclusion that a new arrangement would be necessary at the national level for achieving the desired focus and thrust towards integration of credit activities in the context of the strategy for Integrated Rural Development. Against the backdrop of the massive credit needs of rural development and the need to uplift the weaker sections in the rural areas within a given time horizon the arrangement called for a separate institutional set-up. Similarly. The Reserve Bank had onerous responsibilities to discharge in respect of its many basic functions of central banking in monetary and credit regulations and was not therefore in a position to devote undivided attention to the operational details of the emerging complex credit problems. Thispaved the way for the establishment of NABARD. CRAFICARD also found it prudent to integrate short term, medium term and long-term credit structure for the agriculture sector by establishing a new bank. NABARD is the result of this recommendation. It was set up with an initial capital of Rs 100 crore, which was enhanced to Rs 2,000 crore, fully subscribed Role and Functions †¢ NABARD is an apex institution accredited with all matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas. †¢ It is an apex refinancing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas †¢ It takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, training of personnel, etc. †¢ It co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all the institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains liaison with Government of India, State Governments, Reserve Bank of India and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation. †¢ It prepares, on annual basis, rural credit plans for all districts in the country; these plans form the base for annual credit plans of all rural financial institutions †¢ It undertakes monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it. †¢ It promotes research in the fields of rural banking, agriculture and rural developmentby the Government of India and the RBI. Mission Promoting sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural development through effective credit support, related services, institution building and other innovative initiatives. In pursuing this mission, NABARD focuses its activities on: Credit functions, involving preparation of potential-linked credit plans annually for all districts of the country for identification of credit potential, monitoring the flow of ground level rural credit, issuing policy and operational guidelines to rural financing institutions and providing credit facilities to eligible institutions under various programmes Development functions, concerning reinforcement of the credit functions and making credit more productive Supervisory functions, ensuring the proper functioning of cooperative banks and regional rural banks Objectives NABARD was established in terms of the Preamble to the Act, for providing credit for the promotion of agriculture, small scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic activities in rural areas with a view to promoting IRDP and securing prosperity of rural areas and for matters connected therewith in incidental thereto. The main objectives of the NABARD as stated in the statement of objectives while placing the bill before the Lok Sabha were categorized as under : 1. The National Bank will be an apex organisation in respect of all matters relating to policy, planning operational aspects in the field of credit for promotion of Agriculture, Small Scale Industries, Cottage and Village Industries, Handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic activities in rural areas. 2. The Bank will serve as a refinancing institution for institutional credit such as long-term, short-term for the promotion of activities in the rural areas. 3. The Bank will also provide direct lending to any institution as may approved by the Central Government. 4. The Bank will have organic links with the Reserve Bank and maintain a close link with in. sources of Funds Authorised share capital of NABARD is Rs 500 crores and issues and paid up capital is Rs 100 crores. NABARD accrues additional funds from borrowings from the Government of India and any institution approved by the Government of India, issue and sale of bonds i.e. Rural Infrastructural Development Bond, borrowings from RBI, deposits from State Governments and local authorities and gifts and grants received . NABARD have been providing financial assistance to various financial institutions engaged in Rural Credit Delivery System. These agencies include Co-operative Credit Institutions, Regional Rural Banks and Commercial Banks. The demand for funds for rural development has come up considerably in recent times. To meet the increasing demand of rural credit, NABARD raises funds from the following sources: (i) Capital: It went up from Rs.100 crore in March 1992 to Rs.1500 crore in March 1998 and further Rs. 2000 crore in 1999. The total Capital of NABARD is contributed by Government of India and RBI. The capital remained at Rs. 2000 crore in March 2002. (ii) Deposits: The deposits mainly come from Rural Infrastructural Development Fund (RIDF) introduced in Central Government Budget from the year 1995-96. Another source of deposits comes from banks which fall short of attaining priority sector target. The total outstanding RIDF deposits aggregated Rs. 9725 crore as on 31st March 2002. (iii) Borrowings: NABARD raises funds through market borrowings, Loans from Union Government and borrowings in Foreign Currency from abroad. Apart from these they also borrow funds from RBI. Their borrowings are mainly from three sources. They are by issue of bonds, borrowings from Government of India and borrowing abroad in foreign currency. The total outstanding borrowing amounted to Rs. 15,772 crore in March 2002. (iv) Reserves and: The excess of income over expenditures is generally accumu- Surplus lated as Reserves and surplus. As on March 2002, these reserves aggregated to Rs. 3626 crore. (v) Nation Rural Credit: These funds were earlier provided by RBI to NABARD in con- Funds (Long-term section with assistance under Agriculture Sector. These were Operation Fund given out of profits earned by RBI. They stood at Rs.11064 crore Stabilization Fund) as on March 99. However it has gone up to Rs. 13,975 crore as on March 2002. However, Reserve Bank stopped contributing large sums towards these two Funds from 1994. Presently, the RBI contributes only Rs.1.00 crore each to these funds as a symbolic gesture because the RBI Act provides for such contributions. The balance contribution now comes from NABARDs own profit. (vi) Rural Infrastructural Development Fund (RIDF): The setting up of RIDF was announced in the Union Budget for 1995-96. The RIDF was set up with a contribution of Rs. 2000 crore mainly to provide assistance to State Governments to take up infrastructure projects pertaining to irrigation, rural roads, bridges and flood control measures. Contributions to this Fund came from Indian Scheduled Commercial Banks (other than RRBs) which failed to achieve the minimum agricultural lending target of 18 per cent of net bank credit. The shortfall of amounts in the target achievement was required to be kept in the RIDF with NABARD. Similarly RIDF II was set up in 1996-97 with contributions made by public sector banks which failed to achieve the minimum priority sector advances of 40 per cent. The shortfall in their target amount has to be kept in RIDF II. RIDF III was set up in 1997-98 with shortfall in priority sector landings of all private and public sector commercial banks. The contributions to these Funds were eligible for interest payment to be decided by Reserve Bank from time to time. The Funds are managed by NABARD. Loans out of these funds are mainly provided to State Governments to complete existing rural infrastructural projects and also for taking up new infrastructural projects in rural areas. Loans out of RIDF I was provided interest at the rate of 13.0 per cent and at 12.0 per cent out of RIDF II and III. The projects generally pertain to irrigation facilities and construction of Roads and Bridges in rural areas. Similarly RIDF IV and V were created in the Union Budget during 1998-99 and 1999- 2000. Further RIDF VI and VII were created in 2001 and 2002 with a corpus of Rs. 4,500 crore and Rs. 5,000 crore respectively. The scope of the fund has been extended to cover Gram Panchayats, Self Help Groups to develop rural infrastructural facilities like soil conservation, rural market yards, drainage improvement, etc. Students may observe the capital of NABARD has gone up by Rs. 1,500 crore to Rs. 2,000 crore during the year 2002. Similarly, the RIDF deposits which were only Rs. 3,608 crore in March 1999 were increased to Rs. 9,725 crore as on March 2002. The borrowing of NABARD has gone up substantially in the recent past from Rs. 9,000 crore in March 1999 to Rs. 15,772 crore in March 2002. The aggregate resources of NABARD were also substantially increased from Rs. 28,986 crore in March 1999 to Rs. 45,098 crore in March 2002. On the uses of funds while the loans and advances increased by about 25% between March 1999 and March 2002 loans out of RIDF funds went up substantially from Rs. 3,667 crore to Rs. 10,435 crore during the same period.